The Fight For Bilingual Education Essay - 2376 Words

The 1970’s was a time for movements, change, education, and the development of freedom. The book ‘Brown not White† really shows and defines this time period, and inspires everyone to try and understand what our past had entailed. The book was a true inspiration to all Americans, and in my opinion a proper tribute to all Mexican Americans. The authors name is Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr., and his career is a college professor. San Miguel has many accomplishments including many more writings. His pieces are all of the following listed below: †¢ Those Who Dared: Ethnic Mexican Struggles for Education in the Southwest since the 1960s. (College Station, TX: Texas AM University Press, 2013) †¢ â€Å"Comparative Struggles for Educational Equality in the US since the 1960s,† The International Journal of the Humanities (Online edition) vol. 9, Issue 4 (2012): 299-307 (http://www.Humanities-Journal.com). †¢ â€Å"The Fight for Bilingual Education in Houston: An Insider’s Perspective,† The Houston Review. Vol. 9, Number 1 (Fall 2011): 48-51 †¢ â€Å"Nativism, Immigration and the Latinization of America,† Forum on Public Policy Online: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table, Vol 2011, No. 2 (posted August 2011): 1-23. †¢ Latino Education in Twentieth-Century America: A Brief History. (With Rubà ©n Donato) In Enrique G. Murillo, Jr., Sofia A. Villenas, Ruth Trinidad Galvà ¡n, Juan Sà ¡nchez Munoz, Corinne Martà ­nez, and Margarita Machado-Casas, Eds., Handbook of Latinos and Education: Theory, Research, andShow MoreRelatedThe Fight for Bilingual Education and Women’s Rights in the 1960s and 1970s959 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights movement, during the 1960s and 1970s, created many changes for both American society and its schools. The transformations were the result of such movements as Bilingual Education, women’s’ rights activity, and the passing of the Public Law 94-142 legislation. The incorporation of these new laws and ideas into society all came with their own consequences. Each of them helped, in some way, to lessen the inequality of minority groups in America, like students whose primary languageRead MoreWhy Students Must Learn a Foreign Langauge Essay524 Words   |  3 PagesDid you know that you might be bilingual? Bilingual refers to individuals who can function in more than one language. Bilingualism is a feature not just of individuals, but also societies (Introduction 1). Bilingualism has been around for a long time because traders of all kinds going to another nation and picking up some of that countries language and bringing it back with them. According to studies done by the National Center for Family Literacy and the Center for Applied Linguistics you are moreRead More The Effects of Transitional Bilingual Education On Elementary Level Minority Students1670 Words   |  7 Pagesof Transitional Bilingual Education On Elementary Level Minority Students Bilingual Education has been an increasingly controversial subject throughout education systems in America. The growing numbers of bilingual students in the country have provided much debate regarding the most effective way of instructing these students in traditional American schools. Perhaps one of the newest and fastest growing methods throughout the country has become transitional bilingual education, a program whichRead MoreBilingual Vs. Ban On Bilingual Education1656 Words   |  7 PagesChen Sharada Balachandran-Orihuela Paper 3 Word Count:1532 Bilingual Education to ban or not to ban? When we speak about this country—The United States of America—we automatically think of the great number of languages people speak in this country. Take California as an example. It is one of the border states of America, and this state is made up mostly of immigrants. As a result, most people in this state are either bilingual or even trilingual. In order for the immigrant students to becomeRead MoreSocietal Attitudes Affecting Bilingual Education1296 Words   |  6 PagesSocietal Attitudes Affecting Bilingual Education Bilingual education in the United States is constantly debated. It is often misunderstood. As Freeman (2000) notes, part of the confusion is caused by the fact that the term refers to a wide range of bilingual programs and practices (p. 204). Practitioners in the field of bilingual education who have educational and linguistic backgrounds strive to implement the most educationally sound policies, programs, and practices in order to best serve theRead MoreNelson Mandela and The Afrikan Languages1041 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish are falling behind in school. This is where Bilingual, and English immersion programs comes in. But which one is more effective? Through the years, there has been countless debates as to which is the most effective form of teaching English to non-English speaking students. The two programs that have been used in schools with high populations of English learners are Bilingual Education and English Immersion programs. Bilingual Education is a program where students are primarily taught inRead MoreProp 227 Points of Contention Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesexplaining the different positions people take on this topic. The main arguments surrounding Prop 227, is whether or not bilingual programs should be in schools in California. Some argue that having bilingual programs doesn’t help the student to learn English, it just reinforces their native language. Also it has be said that test scores supposedly did not improve in the bilingual programs. On the other hand though, people are arguing that the English Immersion programs do not work because for smallerRead More Bilingual Education Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pages Bilingual Education nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Education is very important. There use to be a time when you didn’t have to go to school. When it was only important for men to have an education. Times have really changed. Now it is crucial for everyone in our society to have an education. Survival is the main reason: a cohesive society is another. Our schools today need to keep Bilingual education as a tool for teaching: not only for the sake of our society but also for the sense of our cultureRead MoreBilingual Vs. Bilingual Education1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthey choose to. Since there are a variety of different nationalities in the Unites States, bilingual education can promote learning for people who share distinctive ethnic backgrounds. Bilingual education gives students a sense of cultural pluralism, not only that, but it has been proven that learning a second language starting from a young age hold cognitive and academic benefits. Children who are bilingual, establish more adequate skills in their first language causing them to learn other languagesRead MoreChronological Background To Eal Teaching In Schools. Discussion950 Words   |  4 Pagesclassroom. Historical background for research In 1987, Fitzpatrick identified that bilingual education is not provided in English primary schools, with many teachers apprehensive about the use of the child’s mother tongue as found in a pilot study which took place in Bradford. Further to this, in English schools, there were approximately 612, 160 pupils with English as an Additional Language and a total of 1,061,010 bilingual 5 – 16 year olds which has more than doubled since 1997 (National Association

Technology Is A Useful Servant, But A Dangerous Master

â€Å"Technology is a useful servant, but a dangerous master.† – Christian Lous Lange. BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2015. 28 October 2015. Technology has been a debating topic since it has become a key part of the modern lifestyle. Technology developed around human life in various ways which have caused diverse effects on people. Despite the fact that technology have done tremendous things that assisted humankind to gain the possibility of developing rapidly an advanced way of life, technology have also taken away many intangible values that human have, including social interactions. Although, some may argue that technology have connected human from all around the world, and expand our knowledge about different places and their culture. However, they often pay no mind to their real life, and the actual people in their lives. In fact, what truly connect people together is by communicate through face to face interactions. There are no body language, nor can emotional feelings be transmitted through the cold hard computer screen. Our quality of communicating is much more limited when using technology. Larry Rosen, a profes sor of psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills, says technology is distracting us from our real-world relationships. Technology is not what human lives revolve around, and it never should be. However, the generation that growing up in the technology world often chooses to become ignorant of that fact. With the help of technology, the world asShow MoreRelatedIs Technology A Useful Servant But A Dangerous Master1666 Words   |  7 Pagesmade the statement that â€Å"Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master† in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech in 1921 about the advancements of technology in the 20th century. This quote was meant to describe how the advancement of technology has led to it being a useful tool to aid humans in their work, but he warned of the possibility that it could evolve and become an uncontrollable entity. Lange’s prediction came true, as ninety five years later technology has grasped the attentionRead MoreTechnology Is The Most Useful Servant But Dangerous Master Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesSomeone once said, â€Å"Technology is the most useful servant but dangerous master.† In other words, technology can be either a beneficial tool that helps in the advancement of civilization or a lethal weapon that helps in the dest ruction/demolishment of society. Technology is a very powerful tool that provides numerous services (i.e telecommunication, cloud computing, and cybersecurity, and etc) to the general public. It is not a secret that technology is an integral part of the human life. EveryoneRead MoreNegative Impact Of Technology760 Words   |  4 PagesChristian L. Lange once said, â€Å"Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master.† I deem this to be a pertinent quote in regards to society nowadays. Whenever my mother and I have conversations about her childhood, the biggest difference I notice between her upbringing and mine is the impact technology has had. Even though the advancement of technology has presented an abundance of benefits, I can not overlook the negative impact it has, and will continue to have. Some of these negative effectsRead MoreSmartphones : The Problems And Effects Of The Smart Phone731 Words   |  3 Pageslack of social skills, memory problems, and stress are due to this technology. These are some of the biggest concerns when it comes to owning a phone, unfortunately, the effects are not fully realized. These devices have brought several problems in user’s lives, despite supposedly making it easier. Everyday human social interactions are suffering due to the parts smartphones play. Furthermore, being connected through this technology is something that is bragged upon, users are not as connected asRead MoreThe Importance Of Spending A Day Without Technology1134 Words   |  5 Pages Let’s give our soul the rest that truly deserves. The purpose of spending a day without technology is to detoxify ourselves from the continuous barrage of information. Just as Mark Bittman mentions in his article, â€Å"I felt connected to myself rather than my computer. I had time to think, and distance from normal demands.†(4) We are so accustomed to rely on technology that we seem to forget what would become of us without it. Internet, radio, television, cell phones, video games and other technologicalRead MoreOur Cognitive Erosion : A Critique Of The Shallows1185 Words   |  5 Pagesthat ultimately, technology has the power to be our cognitive undoing as humans. Carr’s arguments towards this idea and whether or not they are convincing and thorough will be explored. While some may consider the information he provides to be unconnected, I find each of the topics he covers to be powerful in his argument that technology can be a dangerous tool in humanity’s progress towards a higher intelligence. In The Shallows Carr seeks to prove his point that although technology can be of aid toRead MoreNegative Effects Of Video Games Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pageschoose to be affected by the good points of this technology, rather than the negative effects. To end all of this, there is a quote said by Christian Lous Lang who said, â€Å"Technology is a useful servant, but a dangerous master†. Technology can never be truly harmful by itself. All technology has beneficial uses and harmful uses. It is up to the users on which ones affect them. People should never be controlled by technology, rather, use technology to better themselves and others, and video games areRead MoreComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Huang He, were useful for providing fertile soil. However, their flood patterns could be unpredictable and dangerous. Huang He floods and Indus River floods could both terminate entire cities when they flooded. The Nile, on the other hand, was rather peaceful and predictable. This pattern ultimately provided the Egyptians with a better outlook on life than the perspective of the Mesopotamians. Another aspect of culture was the individual advancements in technology and the invention of writingRead MoreScience2110 Words   |  9 Pagesmedicine to name a few are all highly indebted to the wonders of science. We have become scientifically much more advanced than our ancestors. This is because the world has undergone a tremendous change because of the rapid strides made by science and technology. The discovery and development of a large number of powerful energy sources – coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity etc. – have enabled humanity to conquer the barriers of nature. All these have facilitated the growth of fast modes of transportRead MoreManagement Objectives in Employee Relations3730 Words   |  15 Pagesto fully appreciate Salamon’s statement it is necessary to understand the fundamental principles of industrial relations and be aware of relevant factors which have altered the context of the employment relationship, since the traditional ‘master’ and ‘servant’ relationship of the early and mid-nineteenth century. In examining and presenting the evidence which supports the above quoted conclusion, it is hoped that this paper will portray a logical and incisive representation of Salamon’s beliefs

The Girl in the Studio free essay sample

The rush of nerves overwhelms my body when I follow my team to the curtain. I hear the crowd roaring waiting for our appearance. This rush of excitement and fear almost devoured me until they announced our team. Pushing back the curtain, we run out onto the mat and wave to the crowd with fake smiles holding back our nervous mindset. I move to my spot and clench my fists while whispering â€Å"Let’s do this† just loud enough for my team to hear it. Once the music begins I lose all sense of fear and tenseness. It almost feels like I’m watching myself perform with my team from the crowd. I lose myself in the music and perform as if I wasn’t nervous at all. The 3 minutes we performed only felt like 5 seconds. Immediately when we are done performing I hear the crowd scream in joy and I hear cheering from our other teams. We will write a custom essay sample on The Girl in the Studio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We all run off the mat, hug each other and remind ourselves that this is why we dance. Dancing is defined as â€Å"to move ones feet or body, or both, rhythmically in a pattern of steps, especially to the accompaniment of music† but, dancing is so much more than that. Dance for me is a release, a place for me to be myself and release any feelings I have in a positive way. When I went to my other school I was bullied a lot because I was from the city and I was â€Å"different†. They tended to pick on my clothes and how I talked. I felt like I couldn’t escape my life and no matter how much I talked about it to an adult the torture never stopped. At one point even teachers went along with the bullying. Every day I cried and begged my mom to let me stay home from school and my grades plummeted tremendously. I felt like I was at the weakest, lowest point of my life. Before I exploded from everything Ive been bottling up, I joined dance. I think dance saved my life. I used my feelings to become a great competitive dancer. I spend many hours in the dance studio just practicing and even letting off some steam. I dance with my soul, you can see who I am by watching me dance. Its easy to show dramatically immense emotion in dance especially in Hip Hop (which is the type of dance I do). I think putting everything you can into a dance can make it magical. It can almost make it look like a movie and the dancer is the actor. You dont need any words to figure out whats going on, the voice is in the dance. I think my dancing has improved dramatically since I moved to a new school. Im happier and have many learned lessons under my belt. My mom told me that you can actually see that Im happier even in my routines. I learned to be myself and maybe there isnt such a thing as being normal. I enjoy my quirky weirdness and continue to embrace it. Now that I have a higher self esteem, I continue to thrive in dance because Im no longer afraid of judgment. Dancing has shaped my life and Ill continue to be that girl in the studio.

Sea Lamprey Essay Example

Sea Lamprey Essay The Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus) is a primitive, jawless, predaceous, aquatic vertebrate fish which can live in both salt and fresh water. They weigh 8 to 13 ounces and are 12 to 20 inches long. They are aggressive parasites with a circular mouth containing circular set of teeth. Sea Lampreys have a feathery fin from midsection down and under their tail. These eel-like fish are native to the coastal regions of both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Adult Sea Lampreys feed by attaching themselves on to their prey with a suctorial mouth and rasp out a hole with their rough tongue. They extract blood and other body fluids from the prey. An anticoagulant present in the Lamprey’s saliva keep the wound open without clotting the blood till the Lamprey is satiated or the prey ultimately dies from blood loss or infection.Sea Lampreys are believed to have entered the Great lakes through the Welland Canal in 1829 and were noticed in Lake Erie in 1921. They have been immensely destructive in the Great Lakes since their invasion. Each Lamprey is capable of killing 40 or more pounds of fish. All species of large Great Lake fish are capable of being destroyed by Sea Lamprey. Sea Lampreys are exotic species because they were introduced in to a non native habitat and did not evolve with naturally occurring Great Lake fish. Their aggressive nature gives them great advantage over the fish and their feeding habits are a great cause of concern to the fishery.Problem of Sea LampreyThe entry of Sea Lamprey has devasted the fishery in the Great Lake. Lake Trout production was 1.8 million kilograms in Lake Superior from 1930 to 1942. Production dropped by nearly 90% in the following decade. In Lake Huron it was a virtual failure in 1947. Adult Sea Lampreys come to the Great Lake in spring and summer and build their nests in the gravel riffles. Every individual female Sea Lamprey can lay up to 60,000 eggs. The adult Sea Lamprey dies after spawning. Eggs hatch into larvae which for several years live in burrows as feeding on debris and small plant life. The larvae then undergo metamorphosis in to free swimming forms. Lots of external changes are seen during these transformations. These free swimming Lampreys attach themselves to the host fish and suck blood and body fluids from them. These parasitic feedings lasts for one to two years, during this time the Lampreys become fully grown adults. They return to smaller streams, spawn and their cycle begins all over again. The presence of Sea Lamprey in Great Lake can affect the ecosystem adversely because of its aggressive feeding of fish. Lake trout are mostly affected by Sea Lamprey. The fisheries in the Great Lake area thrive on their catch of Lake Trouts. The invasion by Sea Lamprey has had an enormous economic blow on these fisheries.Control of Sea LampreyThe Great Lake fisheries Commission in coordination with The Department of Fisheries, Oceans Canada and the US Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for minimizing and controlling Sea Lamprey. By conducting research of the life history of the Sea Lamprey it’s been found that Sea Lamprey is vulnerable during three stages of their life cycle.One is during their larval stage since they are sedentary and control would have immediate effect. Two when they are metamorphosing and migrating downstream and three when they are spawning adults, concentrated and are migrating.Currently lampricides like TFM and Bayer 73 are used to kill Sea Lamprey in their larval stage. TFM, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol is a pale yellow crystalline solid. Tributary streams are treated with TFM periodically depending on the abundance of larvae as TFM is potent to Sea Lamprey larvae as it causes circulatory and respiratory collapse. Mechanical and electrical barriers are constructed across the streams to control Sea lamprey during migration. The Sterile-Male-Release technique is used to control the production of Sea Lamprey during spawning. Sea Lampreys are also caught by trapping when they are migrating as adults and a portion are released after they are sterilized in order to reduce production.Effectiveness of ControlUsage of TFM as lampricide has been a tremendous success in the control of Sea lamprey. However using TFM is very costly and the Great Lake Fisheries Commission is now relying largely upon the other methods of control. Barriers reduce the area to be treated by lampricide considerably and allow passage for other species. The use of lampricide though proven to be harmful for the other species might develop a kind of tolerance in Sea lampreys which might lead to control being ineffective in spite of high costs. Various assessments programs monitor larval and spawning Sea lampreys in order to determine how and when they can be controlled. Effective control techniques have reduced the Sea Lamprey population in the Great Lake by 90%. By continuing with effective control methods their population can be kept in check so tha t the fisheries are not affected by them. Building various barriers in the Great Lake area and monitoring them periodically has controlled the Sea lamprey at large. The fisheries commission hopes to control this invasive species in the future too by not allowing it to upset the ecological balance in the Great Lake area.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Essay Example For Students

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Essay Class: ESL 097 Date: 4/20/2004 Sentence combining exercise We will write a custom essay on Vietnam Veterans Memorial specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The memorial which is a wide V-shaped wall lies in Constitution Gardens. The wall which seems to rise from the earth and to recede into it is made of black granite. Entering the memorial which is inscribed with over 58,000 names that refers to an American manor woman who was lost in Vietnam is a moving experience. One sees line after line of American names which for 250 feet in two directions of the nations loss becomes clear. The average age which was for soldiers killed in Vietnam was nineteen, and Marines suffered a casualty rate which was for Marines killed or wounded of 24 percent. The wall where people come to acknowledge sacrifice, to remember a young face and express private grief is a place of quiet commemoration. And it would not exist except for one man that was a Vietnam veteran named Jan Scruggs who saw half of his company killed or wounded and barely escape with his life. Scruggs, who wanted the Nation that had been bitter, divided over the Vietnam war to honor their commitment, want to remember his comrades. In 1979, he became obsessed with the project that worked to establish a Memorial Fund and worked to secure congressional approval which was for the concept of a memorial. President Carter signed a bill which authorized the Memorial and provided a site for it in July 1980, and Scruggs campaign which was to raise private funds moved into high gear . Vietnam Veterans Memorial Essay Example For Students Vietnam Veterans Memorial Essay Class: ESL 097 Date: 4/20/2004 Sentence combining exercise The memorial which is a wide V-shaped wall lies in Constitution Gardens. The wall which seems to rise from the earth and to recede into it is made of black granite. Entering the memorial which is inscribed with over 58,000 names that refers to an American manor woman who was lost in Vietnam is a moving experience. One sees line after line of American names which for 250 feet in two directions of the nations loss becomes clear. The average age which was for soldiers killed in Vietnam was nineteen, and Marines suffered a casualty rate which was for Marines killed or wounded of 24 percent. We will write a custom essay on Vietnam Veterans Memorial specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The wall where people come to acknowledge sacrifice, to remember a young face and express private grief is a place of quiet commemoration. And it would not exist except for one man that was a Vietnam veteran named Jan Scruggs who saw half of his company killed or wounded and barely escape with his life. Scruggs, who wanted the Nation that had been bitter, divided over the Vietnam war to honor their commitment, want to remember his comrades. In 1979, he became obsessed with the project that worked to establish a Memorial Fund and worked to secure congressional approval which was for the concept of a memorial. President Carter signed a bill which authorized the Memorial and provided a site for it in July 1980, and Scruggs campaign which was to raise private funds moved into high gear .

Roe V Wade Essays - Sexual Revolution, United States Law

Roe V Wade Essays - Sexual Revolution, United States Law Roe V Wade Daniel DellaCroce Law and the Legal System Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 The case of Roe v. Wade started back in the state of Texas. This was where a single pregnant woman brought a class action challenging the constitutionality of the Texas abortion laws. This is where in Texas it is a criminal offense to have an abortion. The case got to the Supreme Court by way of the district court by the state of Texas appealing to the Supreme Court to over turn the ruling of the district court. The district court found that Roe did have grounds to file the suit against the state of Texas. This was on the grounds that the abortion laws in Texas infringed on the ninth and fourteenth amendments of the constitution. The case was brought to the Supreme Court based on a woman who had sought to get an abortion in the state of Texas. She sought out a doctor named Hallford, who had done many other abortions in other states. Hallford subsequently at the time of the trial was pending two other abortion prosecutions against him. The main theory that Roe argued before the Supreme Court was the fact that outlawing abortion was infringing on a womans right to privacy. These rights are covered under the ninth and fourteenth amendments of the constitution. Roe questioned on whether or not the state of Texas could pass a law that infringed on these rights, if abortion was covered under these rights at all. Texas had stated that an abortion was only legal when the mothers life was threatened. The case was brought before the Supreme Court because it handled a law that could be unconstitutional. The mail issue before the Supreme Court was on whether or not a womans right to an abortion was covered under the constitution. Does the Constitution embrace the right of a woman to obtain an abortion, nullifying the Texas prohibition? If it were covered under the ninth and fourteenth amendments then it would be affecting the whole country. The Supreme Court in a decision five to four held that abortion was covered under the ninth and fourteenth amendments. The Supreme Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut) protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision gave a woman a right to abortion during the entirety of the pregnancy and defined different levels of state interest for regulating abortion in the second and third trimesters.

Importance of Process Recording in Nursing Case Study

Importance of Process Recording in Nursing - Case Study Example The parts of the conversation that went well were in the therapeutic practices of silence, clarification, and reflection. She was allowed to be in control so she could direct the conversation, the silence allowing for her to expand upon her thoughts about her feelings of anger and regret. As a listener, it was important to reflect back to her what she was saying, helping her to clarify her thoughts and paraphrasing when necessary in order to fully explore the topic and allow her room to discuss her feelings. In repeating what she said back to her, it allowed her to hear her own words and to help find interpretations about what she was trying to convey during the interview. Paraphrasing is feedback that will allow the patient to know that the listener is hearing what is being said, as well as acknowledging the beliefs and feelings of the patient (Basavanthappa, 2004).  The parts of the conversation that went well were in the therapeutic practices of silence, clarification, and refle ction. She was allowed to be in control so she could direct the conversation, the silence allowing for her to expand upon her thoughts about her feelings of anger and regret. As a listener, it was important to reflect back to her what she was saying, helping her to clarify her thoughts and paraphrasing when necessary in order to fully explore the topic and allow her room to discuss her feelings. In repeating what she said back to her, it allowed her to hear her own words and to help find interpretations about what she was trying to convey during the interview. Paraphrasing is feedback that will allow the patient to know that the listener is hearing what is being said, as well as acknowledging the beliefs and feelings of the patient (Basavanthappa, 2004).   A big mistake at the end of the interview was in giving my opinion on what she could consider when thinking about the past. Giving an opinion, according to Basavanthappa (2004), is one way in which to interrupt the work that a p atient is doing about a topic. Opinions are not a good way to work with people when in a therapeutic session. As well, I found that my own feelings about the topic were impeding my listening capabilities. I do not know why portions of her conversation made me feel annoyed and almost angry, but what she said was affecting my own feelings. I did not find her annoying, or her topic to be annoying, but for some reason, I felt annoyed about something she was saying. It may be that I was reflecting her feelings through my own, adopting what she was feeling into my own emotions. I was frustrated for her and felt her grief at not accomplishing what she desires to accomplish.   At one point I felt superior during the conversation as if I understood her completely and could keep her on point. This was a mistake as I worked towards getting to the root of the issue. I led her, to an extent, and this is not always the way to provide therapeutic support. It is possible that when I inserted the idea of teaching about life into the conversation, I took too much control. As I reflect on the conversation, it seems as soon as I said what she may have been angry about; her ability to communicate about it was stalled. I may have put up a communication barrier, stopping her from being able to express her own feelings and in the process of trying to focus the conversation, it may have been stunted from my making assumptions.   This conversation was an interesting experience in trying to keep a focused conversation while maintaining objectivity about the experience. In reflecting on my own behaviors, it is clear that I inserted too much of my own beliefs into the topic. At the time it seemed that the conversation was client directed, but it might be that I directed too much of the direction of the talk. In looking back on how the interview was conducted, it might be said that I was not focused on the patient, but on my own capacity to understand the ideas she was presenting. I fi nd that the process of working on this type of communications is necessary as I see that it is not as easy to accomplish as it might appear.  

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 187

Assignment Example ssue of female genital mutilation, around which Arab feminists today organize, including the insurance of fair divorce laws, proper health care f or women, family planning education and others. The veil which was also symbolic of Arab women’s meekness was symbolically thrown by Sharawi into the sea as a symbolic protest of how women are treated. To date, there are women NGOs who are taking on increasingly important responsibilities in the context of state withdrawal from the provision of social services and in the context of a global trend in the expansion of civil society. I was surprised to realize that there was and still is a feminist movement in the Middle East and started as early as 1800s. What is more surprising is that its feminist movement father Qasim Amin is actually a man. It is like Abe Lincoln who is a Caucasian and abrogated the slavery against the Negroes. I was also surprised that the veil’s interpretation vary and is not accepted by all Arab women. 3. What role did the non-aligned and secular movements play in the Middle East- how did the West influence on one hand, and fail the secular movement on the other hand? Why has secularism in the region, with the exception of Turkey, failed in the region? The non-aligned and secular movements in the Middle East played a crucial role today in promoting women issues such as passage and enforcement of fair divorce laws, proper health care for women, family planning education and others. It is important to note that the key figures of Middle East feminist movement are educated and well travelled in the West who saw the disparity between the Western woman and a Middle Eastern woman who are secondary to the preferential treatment of men and thus asserted that women should have greater participation and rights in

Education of the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

Education of the Middle Ages Essay Education, as we know it today, did not exist in the Middle Ages. Illiteracy was dominant among the population. Scribes were the exception to the rule. Churches were the main source of knowledge and schooling. Real interest in learning grew along with the development of towns. The towns officials needed to be educated. At the same time a need for legal institutions was created and so started the university phenomenon. Modern education was on its way. There were few schools in the Middle ages, so everyone had limited education. Even the Lord of the Manor was often unable to read or write. Some of the first schools were Cathedral schools. As well as Parish, Monastic, and Palace schools. Here people learned a particular role in society. Naturally the primary job was training the clergy in their professional duties as priests of the Christian people. The bishop was the head of the complex and he had a staff of priest to help him with the several of the diocese. These skills that were taught here were reading, singing of hymns, church law, writing of documents and the performing of Church duties and sacraments. An example of educating for a specific role in life were the Knights who had learn how to fight with various weapons so that they could fight for their king. The common people, however, had no way of being educated other than going a monastic school. However, if they did this, they had to donate their property to the church. The people who went to this school later become monks or nuns. They had to follow three important laws: chastity, obedience, and the law or the lord if not followed they would be thrown out of the monastery. Most monasteries had a rule of silence: monks could not talk which other except for a short period of time. During meals one monk might read passages from the bible while the others mediated. Even though monks lives seem to be so hard it was the best place to go for a good education for anybody from a king to a beggar (Monasteries 488-499). Women took part in monastic life by living in a convent under a direction of an abbess. Known as nuns, they wore simple clothes and wrapped a white cloth called a wimple around their face and neck. They alternated prayer with spinning, weaving, and embroiling items such as tapestries and banners. They also taught needlework and the medicinal use of herbs to daughters of nobles (Couglin A6). Although monks and nuns lived apart from society, they were not completely isolated. Indeed, they played a crucial role in medieval intellectual and social life. Since few people could read or write, the regular clergy preserved ancient and the classical writings. Scribes copied all the books by hand working in a small drafty room with one candle or a small window for light. Illuminated manuscripts decorated with rich colors and intricate pictures indicate that, although the task was done with hard work, it was also lovingly done (Monastaries 499-501). Monasteries and convents provided not only schools for young people, but hospitals for the sick, food for the needy, and a home for travelers who need a place to stay (Monasteries 499-501). Cathedral schools were there to train higher-member of the Church in their professional duties as ministers of the Christian people. The bishop in whose Cathedral complex the school was located needed a group of trained priests to administer the various needs dioceses. The Cathedral school largely emphasized practical skills, effective reading, singing, and knowledge of Church Law, public speaking and the administration of the holy sacraments (Corbishely 28). At first the university was not so much a place as it was a group of scholars organized like a guild for the purpose of learning. Classes were held in rented rooms or churches even in the open air. Books were scarce. In most classes teacher read the text and discussed it, while students took notes on slates or memorized as much information as possible. Classes did, however meet regularly schedule. University rules established the obligations of the students and the teachers toward each other. To qualify as a teacher students had to pass an exam leading to a degree, or a certificate of completion (Cantor 58). By the end of the 1200s universities had spread throughout Europe. Most southern European universities were modeled after the law school at Bologna, Italy, and specialized in law and medicine. Universities in Northern Europe on the contrary, specialized in liberal arts in Theology. These were generally modeled after the University of Paris (Bailey 89). At medieval universities, scholars studied Latin classics and Roman law in depth. They also acquired knowledge from the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and from the Islamic scholarship in the sciences. This interest in the physical world eventually led a rise of western science (Schools 291-292). Many church leaders opposed the study of Aristotles works, fearing that his ideas feared the Christian teachings. In contrast some scholars thought that new knowledge could be used ideas. The applied Aristotle philosophy to theological questions and developed a system of thought called scholasticism. This new type of learning emphasized reason as well as the faith in the interpretations of Christian doctrine. Scholastic sought to bring back classical philosophy along side with the teachings of the Church. They believed that knowledge could be integrated into a coherent whole (Schools 295). One scholastic teacher, Peter Aberlard taught theology in Paris during the early 1100s. In his book Sic et Non, he collected statements from the bible writings of early Christian leaders that showed both sides of controversial questions. Abearld then had his students reconcile the difference though logic. In the 1200s the most important scholastic thinker was Thomas Aquinas a brilliant theologian and philosopher who taught philosophy in Naples and France. In his work Summa Theolgica Aquinas claimed that reason was a gift from god that could provide answers to basic philosophical questions. The catholic later accepted and promoted Aquinass way of teaching and thinking (Schools 310). The education of a knight proceeded in a way similar to that of many medieval occupations. At an early age the prospective knight was apprenticed to serve as a page, or attendant, in a knights household. In his teens the page graduated to the status of a squire and received more responsibilities. As a squire the boy tended his knights horses and armor, but he also gained his first battle experience. Several squires were usually apprenticed to a knight at the same time and on the battlefield they might fight as a small band of infantry around their master. Here they acquired the many skills in arms necessary for their profession. To graduate to the status of a knight, a squire usually performed some heroic deed in battle. The squire was welcomed into the order of knights by being dubbed with a sword or slapped in the face by his lord. Afterwards the new knight would receive his fief, or gift of land. As the cult of chivalry developed in the 12th and 13th centuries, knighting ceremonies became more involved. Often they occurred at court, and a knights dubbing might be preceded by a religious vigil in which the knight vowed to uphold Christian and chivalric principles (Davies 12-13). Finally the Renaissance, or rebirth of learning, began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century. Scholars became more interested in the humanist features that is, the secular or worldly rather than the religious aspects of the Greek and Latin classics. Humanist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. The Renaissance was a particularly powerful force in Italy, most notably in art, literature, and architecture. In literature, the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became especially important (Renaissance 228-229). Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally educated persons. Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that understanding and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture (Renaissance 220). The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely available and increased literacy rates. But school attendance did not increase greatly during the Renaissance. Elementary schools educated middle-class children while lower-class children received little, if any, formal schooling. Children of the nobility and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools (Bailey 112). Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance, especially for the upper classes. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools of the royal court or received private lessons at home. The curriculum studied by young women was still based on the belief that only certain subjects, such as art, music, needlework, dancing, and poetry, were suited for females. For working-class girls, especially rural peasants, education was still limited to training in household duties such as cooking and sewing (Couglin, A8). As it shows education the Middle Ages seems to be so diverse and a starting point for modern education. But the reader must always keep in mind only about five percent of the whole population did all of these educational activities.

The background and role of inventory in accounting

The background and role of inventory in accounting Introduction International accounting standard No.2 (IAS2) Inventory gives the rules which should be followed during the recording and presentation of inventory. Inventory refers to goods which are held by a firm for sale, are in the production process or are materials which will be consumed in the production process or in giving out of services. This standard does not apply to financial instruments and it gives out a guideline on how to measure an asset which is categorized as an inventory, which concept constitute of the cost and at what time an expense occurs and the information that should be disclosed while preparing the financial statements (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, p.977). History In the year 1974 during the draft of standard, the name was changed to inventories from valuation and presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System the first draft was affected on 1st of January in the year 1995 and this was 21 years after the first draft exposure. On 18th of December 2003, the standard was revised and took effect as from the strart of January 2005. In the year 2003, there was a revised IAS 2 whereby different cost formulas for inventories were incorporated into the standard. These were superseded from SIC 1 on consistency. On December 1997, SIC 1 was issued and was effective as from 1st January 1999. sic 1 required that that the same cost formula was to be used for inventories with the same characteristics under IAS 2.21 AND IAS 2.23. in that case, different methods may be used where inventory items were different from other groups (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, p.978). SIC stands for Standing International Committee (SIC), and it was renamed to International Financial Reporting Issues Committee (IFRIC). some of the issues in SIC were not added in IFRICs Agenda. This are as follows: IAS 2 Cash Discounts The question was whether cash discounts received should be subtracted from the cost of goods purchased. A decision was made in august of the year t 2002 that they should not be added. The reason given by IFRIC was that paragraph 8 of IAS 2 provided enough guidance and thus it was not necessary to publish on the interpretation on the issue. IAS 2 Consumption of inventories by service organizations The problem was on how to treat net realizable value when the inventory is consumed as part of the service rendered. A decision was made in the march of 2004 that it should not be added. It was noted that it existed for commercial bodies. It was thus concluded that the matter involved the recoverability of an asset which did not have a direct cash flow. IAS 2 Discounts and rebates In this part, three questions were considered, first, should the discount received for prompt payment of invoice be reduced from the cost of the inventories or seen as financing income? Second, should all other rebates be reduced from the cost of inventories or treat some of them as revenue or reduction in promotional expenses, lastly, if volume rebates should be given a recognition only when threshold volumes are achieved. The decision arrived at on November 2004 was not to add. Objective of IAS 2 IAS 2 has the objective of of prescribing how inventories should be treated in accounting. It provides a guideline on how to look for the cost of inventories and how to recognize an expense including any depreciation to net realizable value. It provides the formulas that should be used to assign costs to inventories. The conclusion is that, inventories should be measured at the lower between net realizable value and cost (Nikolai, Bazley, And Jones, 2009, p.80). Net realizable value refers to the estimated selling price in the course of normal business less the costs estimate for completing and the estimated costs required to finish the selling activity. The cost of inventory on the other hand shall comprise of all the costs of purchase, conversion in addition to other costs which are incurred in making the conditions to be in their present condition and into their present location. The standards require that the first in first out method is used in assigning the cost of inventories or the weighted average method. The same cost formula should be used by a firm for all similar stock and stock that has the same use to the firm. Where the inventories might have different use or are of different nature, different cost formulas can be used (Nikolai, Bazley, And Jones, 2009, p.80). Where inventory is sold, the expenses incurred during the sale of the inventory shall be seen as an expense in that period when the expense occurred. Amount realized from any reversal of a write-down in inventories coming up from a rise in net realizable value shall be treated as a reduction in amount of inventories recognized as an expense in the time or period when that reversal took place. Rationale The rationale for IAS 2 is to ensure that accounting for inventories is done in a manner which leads to the representation of the true value of the available inventory. It ensures that frequent research is done on how to present inventory in the financial statements. Measurement, presentation and disclosure details There are several items which need to be disclosed in the financial statements concerning inventory. One of the items that need to be disclosed includes the accounting policies that were adopted while giving value to the inventories. This includes the formula used to value the stock. In other words, the financial report should state whether first-in, first-out method was used or weighted average method was used. Secondly, the reports should show the total carrying amount for the inventories and they should be put into a classification which the entity feels fit. Thirdly, the carrying amount for the inventories that may be accounted for basing on their reasonable value minus the sale costs should also be clearly shown by the financial statement. The fourth thing that should be disclosed is the level of inventories recognized as an expense in that certain period. Following this, the level of inventory write-downs which might have been seen as an expense in the financial period should be shown. After this, the level of reversals for the previous value write-downs which may have been achieved as a reduction in the amount of the expense on account of the periods inventories. The activities which led to reversal should also be listed and finally, the carrying amount of inventories used as security for debt payment should also be shown (Barry and Eva, 2008, p.27). Comparison with US GAAP (inventory) As mentioned, IAS is an initioal for International Accounting Standards and it represents a set of accounting standards which are set by the international Accounting standards committee (IASC) which is in London, England. IASC has several bodies with the main one being the international Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IASB is responsible for setting standards for IASC. On the other hand, GAAP is an acronomy for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. IASC is not responsible for setting GAAP and it thus does not have any legal authority over it. IASC can be thus be seen as an influential body which makes accounting rules. Many people listen to what IASB and IASC say on accounting matters (Barry, Nach, and Bragg, 2009, p.1337). When an accounting rule is set by IASB, several countries consider the rule and adopt it into its accounting system. The rules thus will eventually influence of what each country adopts as its GAAP. To understand what GAAP is better, we can say that it is a set of rules which accountants follow in their countries as each country has its own GAAP. There are however not much differences in GAAP between countries although their interpretations may vary between different countries. In the United States, there is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and this make up the rules which eventually become GAAP for the country. Example from annual reports An example of an annual report which shows the usage of IAS 2 inventory is shown in the appendix. The report shows the consolidated financial statements for Prestige Brands Holdings, Inc. which is a distributor and marketer of brand name through the counter drug, personal and household products which are sold through Canada, U.S. and other international markets. Discussion In the consolidated financial statements for the mentioned company, the first requirement for the IAS 2 has been met whereby the accounting policy that was used has been mentioned The reports states that the inventories have been stated at the lower of between the fair value and cost. The report has gone further to mention that the first-in, first-out method was used in valuing the inventory. The reports have explained that the company provides allowance for the goods which are slow moving and inventory which has become obsolete through the reduction of inventory for fall in value due to the obsolescence of products, damage and any other issues which might be affecting the marketability, equal to the difference that might exists between the cost of the inventory and its market value. Another thing that the report discloses is the factors which have been utilized in the determination of estimated market value and they include; current sales data and historical return rates, the estimates for demand in future, the competitive pricing pressures, introduction of new production, expiration dates of products and obsolescence of components and packaging.

International Politics Essay

The ongoing violence between the indigenous communities of Peru on the one hand and the government on the other has been cited as the one of the country’s worst political crises. For a considerable period, the communities have not only expressed their opposition against the government, but have also engaged in acts of civil disobedience in the recent past. In June this year, confrontations between indigenous protestors and the state police left nearly a hundred people dead and hundreds injured, the majority of the casualties and fatalities being civilians (Romero, 2009). This followed a government decision to end the massive demonstrations by launching an aggressive military campaign against those protesting on the country’s roads. In essence, the communities’ initiative of holding peaceful demonstration so as to protest against the exploitation of the Amazon rain forest, and the deliberate government efforts to counter such protests can be described as a global crisis precipitated by the unprecedented struggle to exploit the few natural resources available in the environment. Though the conflict is occurring at the national level, its effects will inevitably be felt at the international front, considering the central position of the Amazon as a focal biodiversity epicenter. Globalization has been defined as the process of blending or homogenization by which individuals and organizations of the world are unified into one society and work together without restrictions, through a combination of economical, technological, socio-cultural and political forces. It also entails the reduction or elimination of enforced restrictions of countries on international exchanges hence increasing integrated and complex global system of production and exchange (Christian, 2002). Indeed, globalization has served to shape the world economy. Individual economies which were originally isolated from each other are currently being influenced by the each other’s actions, as well as policies and circumstances in the global markets, which in turn assist them to devise their own policy measures. One of the characterizing attributes of globalization is the process of merging and integrating the economies of world economies. Over the past half century, the western countries, and particularly United States and Europe have been vocal in the establishment of a global market economy characterized by the free flow of people and capital, and free trade. However, a skeptical view depicts global integration as only beneficial to the developed world, but harmful to poor nations, the environment as well as native populations. In the face of many, the process is increasingly worsening the global environmental crisis that has prevailed with the intensification of industrialization (Christian, 2002). From a practical point of view, this appears to be the case in Amazon basin of Peru. In April 2006, the United States and Peruvian governments signed a Free Trade Agreement intended to foster bilateral trade between the two countries. Even at its outset, the agreement was heavily criticized by environmental organizations, citing potential environmental and labor concerns. The FTA became effective in February this year, and precipitated a number changes in Peru’s law so as to facilitate increased access to the Amazon forest (Cabello, 2009). Although the Peruvian Congress approved the initiation of such legislative changes, the indigenous people living in the expansive Amazon region were not consulted, thus contravening the 169th convention of the International Labor Organization. Describing the regulations as a deliberate move to invite foreign companies to exploit the natural resources within the forest zones, the native communities held massive protests in August 2008. Subsequently, the Congress was forced to repeal two of the laws, and additionally pledged to reexamine the others. The apparent failure to abide by the promise eventually led to an eruption of renewed protests starting April 2009. Since then, they have been remained persistent in advancing their cause: that the legislative provisions which inevitably undermine their land and water rights have to be abolished (Romero, 2009). Central in the current conflict between the indigenous people and the Peruvian government is the controversy surrounding the idea of allowing multinational oil corporations, particularly those of American origin, to explore as well as mine oil and other mineral resources in the Amazon under the 2006 agreement (Romero, 2009). From a basic point of view, the physical clashes represent the conflicting interests between these two parties. On the one hand, the government led by President Garcia purports to exploit the natural resources in the Amazon in order to bring economic wealth for all citizens. Notably, the potential geographical zones to be explored for their oil and gas deposits cover about seventy two percent of the country’s rain forests (Chauvin, 2009). Similarly, the government also intends to open up the water resources and forest lands to other economic activities such as large-scale farming and extensive mining explorations. From the side of the incumbency, such a move should not elicit any local opposition, considering that the government’s ownership of all subsoil rights. The exploration of these vast lands by multinational corporations would definitely accrue immense economic wealth. On the other hand, the indigenous people see the move as a threat to their ancestral land, their own security, and the environment in general. This is so considering the fact that the mineral exploration initiatives could end up affecting more than thirty thousand natives spread across six of Peru’s provinces (Chauvin, 2009). An estimated 50 percent of Peru is covered by the Amazon rain forest, which houses more than sixty ethnic groups. In the recent past however, the Amazon region has attracted numerous oil, gas, and other mining corporations with the objective of exploring the natural resources found within the forest. Since 2005 for instance, the regions selected for gas and oil concessions have significantly increased (from an estimated fifteen to seventy percent) (Cabello, 2009). Early this year, the country’s oil licensing organization signed contracts with several multinational oil corporations, permitting them to explore natural resources in the Amazon. Although such initiatives will promote economic growth in the country, a critical observation reveals the activities of these international companies jeopardize the very existence of the Amazon, which is widely recognized as an important center of biodiversity, even at the global front. Indeed, the Amazon Basin is an extremely important resource especially when we consider international issues such as the realities of environmental pollution and global warming. Generating close to twenty percent of the earth’s fresh water, the basin is home to numerous indigenous Peruvian communities. Despite their continued habitation of the forest regions for many years, the natural resources have been well-preserved, thus promoting environmental sustainability. Additionally, the Amazon has been cited as vital in the regulation of atmospheric emissions, particularly carbon dioxide responsible for environmental pollution, besides stabilizing rainfall and guarding against desertification (Chauvin, 2009). Seen in this sense, Amazon has served to mitigate the devastating impacts of climate change that are often associated with global warming. Recent government reports highlight continued overlap between the concession lands (those designated for hydrocarbon extraction) and the natural protected areas occupied by the indigenous population (Chauvin, 2009). United States’ oil companies such as Burlington and Hunt Oil are currently mining fossil fuels in areas that were traditionally reserved as natural lands. With no hope of a possible retreat of the current trends, the indigenous Peruvians continue to face numerous environmental problems including soil and water pollution, which in turn impacts negatively on their health. In essence, continued investment in the Amazon rainforest appears to contradict what world nations, including the U. S. nd Peru postulate as viable strategies of mitigating the currently witnessed global climate change. It is apparent that the continued extraction and transportation of fossil fuels will lead to an unprecedented release of toxic materials into the soil and increasing the percentage of greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere. Additionally, these multinational companies are also contributing to deforestation via the establishment of infrastructures such as roads and oil pipelines. It is indeed ironical that bilateral and international agreements such as the one between the U. S. nd Peru could actually end up fueling the global climate crisis and threatening the very livelihoods of indigenous populations, rather than initiating measures towards its alleviation and encouraging sustainable development. It is questionable that the Peruvian government should take advantage of the natives who lack title deeds and therefore direct claims to the land they have lived in for many years. Instead of focusing on the immediate economic benefits, the government ought to consider the potential harm to the Amazon Basin, as well as the life it has supported for a prolonged duration.

My Favourite Book Essay

Recently I`ve read a very interesting book that impressed me greatly. It was the novel by Vera Kryzhanovskaya â€Å"Hellish charms†. Russian writer and spiritualist Vera Kryzhanovskaya was the first woman writer of science fiction in the world, and the first professional science fiction writer in Russia. She was born June 2, 1857 .Her Father was from an old noble family of the Tambov Province. In the 1880s and 90s she lived in Western Europe. Since childhood Kryzhanovskaya was interested in ancient history and the occult, she even performed as a medium at sessions. Kryzhanovskaya`s Husband was a well known spiritualist S.V. Semenov. Following the spiritualists` tradition, Kryzhanovskaya stated that her novels had been dictated by the spirit of English poet John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester , who believed that a soul stayed on earth even after death . She wrote in French and then her works were translated into Russian. The main theme of her novels is the struggle of the divine and satanic forces, the dependence of man`s hidden forces and the forces of universe, the secrets of the primordial matter †¦ Reincarnation`s consciousness` and soul`s secrets , the writer has already disclosed in the historical novels (â€Å"The Queen Hatasu†, for example). â€Å"Hellish charms† is one of the novels, where the ritual of bewitching is described. The headline reveals the main theme and idea of the novel. The story is about a girl who wanted to marry the man with good fortune and because of it she had to resort to black magic.It`s about love, sins and mistakes, about forgiveness. The book electrifies the reader, mystical experiences and psychology do not give an opportunity to relax. The moral of the story is represented very clearly: you can not  build your happiness on the misfortune of others, regardless of other people’s desires. Each undertaken sin may be the first step on way to hell, and not everybody can turn away from that road. The book is written in a very simple way, the sentences are mostly short, without large clauses and nominative constructions. The author worries about every character and describes all their sufferings and other feelings very brightly. The main characters are: Kira Nagorskaya, a pretty blond girl of twenty with a good figure , large dark eyes with long thick eyelashes and wonderful complexion; Alexey Basargin – a wealthy young man, who took a fancy to Kira especially her coquetry and beauty. He became a frequent guest in Kira`s place. Kira considered him to be a wonderful match. Maleynen – an old witch, who helped Kira to bewitch Alexey and made him to fall in love with her. She was a skinny tall woman with deep hollow eyes that strangely sparkled. Marquise Kervadek – Alexey`s best friend, a tall, slender young man with black curly hair and pointed beard. He is a very passionate character and didn`t hide his admiration from Kira. Shepsu – an unusual character, Circassian, who lived alone in a mountain hut. The only man, who was able to save Kira from her curse. The story took place in Russia in the 18th century. A young woman Kira Nagorskaya who got used to luxury, after running through her father`s fortune, decided to marry someone didn`t matter young or old , beautiful or ugly, tall or short, someone who was able to give her a social status and wealth. But one day in a house of one of her old friends she got acquainted with Alexey Basargin a young man ,who has already worked in Ministry. She liked him and even thought not to cheat on him, at least for a while, when they would marry. Alexey became a frequent guest in Kira`s place and she was ready to celebrate the victory but suddenly he disappeared. There were rumors that he was going to marry another girl, Kira felt miserable and angry. She couldn`t believe it. Than she got to know about an old woman, a witch called Maleynen, and decided to ask her for help. But this decision  took an unexpected turn for her. Basargin made her a proposal and she married him. In the course of time she began to feel disgust and irritation to him. She also fell in love with Alexey`s best friend Marquise Kervadek but tried to hidÃ'Æ' her feelings. She knew that if she would like to divorce with Basargin, the charms would make him kill her. She couldn`t fight against her feelings and went to Maleynen again to ruin the first spell. But it has worked strangely and Alexey perished and his spirit began to pursue Kira. Kervadek and Kira try to find the solution, Marquise takes Kira away to Germany, Italy, France but the ghost chases them. At least they find the man called Shepsu, the only one who can save her. He was a young Circassian, who lived alone in a mountain hut in the Caucasus. Having held all the rituals Shepsu was able to conquer the evil spirit of Basargin. At last the curse was ruined. In conclusion, I personally would like to advise this novel and not just this one but the others too. In my opinion it was one of the best books I`ve ever read, it`s plot has swallowed me completely. Most of all I liked it`s moral : Love can neither be bought nor sold.

A Timeline of the Agricultural Revolution

A Timeline of the Agricultural Revolution Between the eighth century and the eighteenth, the tools of farming basically stayed the same and few advancements in technology were made. This meant that the farmers of George Washingtons day had no better tools than the farmers of Julius Caesars day.  In fact, early Roman plows were superior to those in general use in America eighteen centuries later. All that changed in the 18th century with the agricultural revolution, a period of agricultural development that  saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology. Listed below are many of the inventions that were created or greatly improved during the agricultural revolution. Plow and Moldboard By definition, a plow (also spelled plough) is a farm tool with one or more heavy blades that breaks the soil and cut a furrow or small ditch for sowing seeds. A moldboard is a wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the furrow. Seed Drills Before drills were invented, seeding was done by hand. The basic idea of drills for seeding small grains was successfully developed in Great Britain, and many British drills were sold in the United States before one was manufactured in the States. American manufacture of these drills began about 1840. Seed planters for corn came somewhat later, as machines to plant wheat successfully were unsuited for corn planting. In 1701, Jethro Tull invented his seed drill and is perhaps the best-known inventor of a mechanical planter. Machines That Harvest By definition, a sickle is a curved, hand-held agricultural tool used for harvesting grain crops. Horse-drawn mechanical reapers later replaced sickles for harvesting grains. Reapers  were then replaced by the reaper-binder (cuts the grain and binds it in sheaves) and in turn, was replaced by the swather before being replaced by the combine harvester. A combine harvester is a machine that heads, threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field. The Rise of the Textile Industry The  cotton gin  had turned the whole South toward the cultivation of cotton. While the South was not manufacturing any considerable proportion of the cotton it grew, the textile industry was flourishing in the North. A whole series of machines similar to those used in Great Britain had been invented in America and mills paid higher wages than in Britain. Production was also far ahead of the British mills  in proportion to hands employed, which meant the U.S. was ahead of the rest of the world. Wages in America Take-home pay, measured by the world standard, was high. Additionally, there was a good supply of free land or land that was practically free. Wages were high enough that many could save enough to buy their own land. Workers in textile mills often worked only a few years to save money, buy a farm or to enter some business or profession. Advances in Transportation Lines The  steamboat and the  railroad  enabled transportation to the West. While steamboats traveled all the larger rivers and the lakes, the railroad was growing rapidly. Its lines had extended to more than 30 thousand miles. Construction also went on during the war, and the transcontinental railway was in sight. The locomotive had approached standardization and the American railway was now comfortable for passengers with the invention of  Pullman sleeping cars, the dining cars, and the automatic air brake developed by  George Westinghouse.

Definition and Examples of the Straw Man Fallacy

Definition and Examples of the Straw Man Fallacy The straw man is a  fallacy in which an opponents argument is overstated or misrepresented in order to be more easily attacked or refuted. The technique often takes quotes out of context or, more often, incorrectly paraphrases or summarizes an opponents position. Then after defeating the position, the attacker claims to have beaten the real thing. Although the term straw man is a recent coinage, the concept is ancient. In the Topics, Aristotle acknowledges that in argument it would be inappropriate to interpret as someones position an opinion that he did not express or is not committed to, in virtue of what he said (Douglas Walton, Methods of Argumentation). The name of the fallacy represents the idea that although a straw man may look like a human, it wont put up any resistance in a fight. The straw man fallacy also goes by the name Aunt Sally, particularly in Great Britain. Straw Man in Commercials Commercials make use of straw man fallacies. In the famous Wheres the beef? Wendys campaign, the commercials exaggerate the tiny amount of meat that other chains use in their burgers to show how much bigger and better its burgers are. Straw Man in Politics Straw man has always been the stock-in-trade of advertisers and political smear campaigns, illustrate authors Nancy Cavender and Howard Kahane in their book Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric. A group called Common Sense Issues made a million automated phone calls to voters in the 2008 South Carolina primaries claiming that John McCain has voted to use unborn babies in medical research. This was a gross distortion of his position to support research on stem cells gathered from embryos (12th ed. Wadsworth, 2014). During the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump claimed that Hillary Clinton was for open borders. He took a comment out of context from a speech she gave to a Brazilian bank about trade and energy to twist it into a statement that preyed on some peoples fears of immigrants. He claimed she wanted people to be able to enter the border without going through any kind of process at all, which isnt true. His sound-byte distortion likely had an effect on voters, as immigration was a big issue in the campaign, and his repetition of the claim was easier to remember than her stances about nuances in the complex issue. Sometimes people morph the straw man into a warning about a slippery slope where allowing one side to win would put humanity on a course of destruction. Any time someone begins an attack with So youre saying we should all just... or Everyone knows..., you can bet a straw man is coming, wrote author David McRaney. Straw men can also be born out of ignorance. If someone says, Scientists tell us we all come from monkeys, and thats why I homeschool, this person is using a straw man, because science doesnt say we all come from monkeys. (You Are Not So Smart.  Penguin, 2011) Countering the Straw Man To refute a straw man attack during a debate, point out the fallacy and how it is incorrect. If you ignore it and the attacker keeps harping on it, the real issue could get buried in the straw. If you try and defend what the opponent said is your position, it gets increasingly difficult to show how the opponent distorted your views.

Final Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Case Study - Essay Example For his first year at a preschool that uses reverse mainstreaming that will let Dennis interact and learn with typically developing children, the following IEP objectives and corresponding supports are proposed: Supports: As Dennis enters his preschool years, his PWS would be evident with apparent obesity if not controlled and monitored. It is therefore necessary that his nutritional and dietary needs be given attention. It must be noted that his entry into preschool was characterized by the absence of a comprehensive dietary and medical evaluation which should be produced if his IEP is to be a success. The parents, teachers and other school personnel (those who are in charge of preparation of snacks for example) must have this evaluation before he starts his school year. Calorie intake especially carbohydrates must be limited because those children with PWS need less than typically growing children. During snack times, the teacher in cooperation with the school dietitian should modify his food, allowing for prescribed caloric intake according to his nutritional evaluation. His physical development throughout the year should be monitored throughout the year, looking out for the proper balan ce between height and weight. Supports: It must be noted that Dennis from the 45-minute observation that he

Summarize three articles or Web resources from the surveying bodies Term Paper

Summarize three articles or Web resources from the surveying bodies resources, from the studies in this unit, that apply to your - Term Paper Example It was reauthorized in 2009 as Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA). This will run through 2013 and is expected to cover even more uninsured children. This program also is jointly undertaken by the Federal and State governments (CHIPP Policy). A health care professional needs to have a fair knowledge of these three programs to ensure that no needy individual suffers without an appropriate health insurance plan. Department of Health and Human Services. As part of public health and medical services support, the Department of Health and Human Services has guidelines for the First Response in the event of a disaster. Disaster being always a local phenomenon, the local government agency services need to be prepared to respond immediately in the event of a disaster. The state and local authorities will have to coordinate with each other in providing rescue and medical emergency services. If the disaster is beyond the State’s control, the Governor o f the State may ask for support from the Federal Government. Financial and other assistance are provided under the Robert T.Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act).

Week 6 Moral Distress and Moral Integrity Assignment

Week 6 Moral Distress and Moral Integrity - Assignment Example safe and poorer quality of the care being received by the patients, along with decreasing job satisfaction.(Pauly, Varcoe & Storch, 2012) One key that is very important is not to â€Å"bottle up† the moral distress that one is feeling; addressing the sources quickly will lead to better practices in dealing with the phenomena for the betterment of a strong healthcare workforce, of which nurses play a huge part.(Epstein & Delgado, 2010) Ethics and morality can be such difficult to issues to address, because we live in a diverse world, with varying ideologies of what â€Å"ethics and morality† are. In healthcare it can be even harder because it involves the lives of patients. The phenomenon of nurses leaving their positions is a serious one. According to one study 25% of nurses, as well as social workers, are experiencing â€Å"moral distress† badly enough to consider leaving their jobs, while 40% claim that given the option they would not choose the same profession.("Nurses want to," 2013) Many Researchers feel that much more in-depth research is called for and there is a necessity to redefine what the goal of healthcare is; the message, â€Å"†¦that doing the right thing is an organizational and a political as well as an individual responsibility, is one that needs to be emphasized.(Gallagher,

APA guidelines Essay Example for Free

APA guidelines Essay Term Definition Resource you used Time value of money Money has a Time Value. This basic idea a dollar received today, other things being the same, is worth more than a dollar received a year from now underlies many financial decisions faced in Business (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P. 172). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Efficient market A market in which prices quickly respond to the announcement of new information. Efficient markets describes the extent to which information is incorporated into security prices. In an efficient market, security prices reflect all available information at all times; and, because of this, it is impossible for an investor to consistently earn high rates of return without taking substantial risk (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P.210). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Primary versus secondary market A primary market is a market in  which new, as opposed to previously issued, securities are bought and sold for the first time. In this market, firms issue new securities to raise money that they can then use to help finance their businesses. The key feature of the primary market is that the firms selling securities actually receive the money raised. The secondary market is where all subsequent trading of previously issued securities takes place. In this market the issuing firm does not receive any new financing, as the securities it has  sold are simply being transferred from one investor to another. The principal benefit of the secondary market for the shareholders of firms that sell their securities to the public is liquidity(TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P.25). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Risk-return tradeoff  tells us that we will expect to receive higher returns for assuming more risk (even though there is no guarantee we will get what we expect). However, the risk–return tradeoff that investors face is not based on realized rates of return; it is instead based on what the investor expects to earn on an investment in the future (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P.193). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Agency (principal and agent problems) The conflict of interest between the firm’s managers and its stockholders is called a principal-agent problem, or agency problem, in which the firm’s common stockholders, the owners of the firm, are the principals in the relationship, and the managers act as â€Å"agents† to these owners (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P. 13) TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Market information and security prices and information asymmetry A situation in which one party in a transaction has more or superior information compared to another. This often happens in transactions where the seller knows more than the buyer, although the reverse can happen as well. Potentially, this could be a harmful situation because one party can take advantage of the other partys lack of knowledge (Investopedia, 2015). Investopedia. (2015). Asymmetric Information. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asymmetricinformation.asp Agile and lean principles Agile refers to an adaptive, incremental approach to solutions development,  with strong emphasis on delivering value. In contrast, Lean respresents a widely adopted approach to continuous improvement, designed to improve performance by removing barriers which disrupt workflow in existing systems. Both Agile and Lean are particularly attractive and suited to finance sector enviroments where business requirements change frequently and recation time is critical (Agile And Lean In Finance, 2011) Agile and Lean in Finance. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.dbconsulting.co.uk/agile-and-lean-in-finance-22-september/ Return on investment Return on investment, or ROI, is the most common profitability ratio. There are several ways to determine ROI, but the most frequently used method is to divide net profit by total assets. So if your net profit is $100,000 and your total assets are $300,000, your ROI would be .33 or 33 percent. Return on investment isnt necessarily the same as profit. ROI deals with the money you invest in the company and the return you realize on that money based on the net profit of the business (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2014). Entrepreneur Media, Inc.. (2014). Return on Investment ROI. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/return-on-investment-roi Cash flow and a source of value In investments, cash flow represents earnings before depreciation, amortization, and non-cash charges. Sometimes called cash earnings. The maount of net cash generated by an investment or a business durning a specific period. Once measure of cash flow is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (The Free Dictionary, 2015). The Free Dictionary. (2015). Cash flow. Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cash+flow Project management The planning and organization of an organizations resources in order to move a specific task, event or duty toward completion. Project management typically involves a one-time project rather than an ongoing activity, and resources managed include both human and financial capital. A project manager will help define the goals and objectives of the project, determine when the various project components are to be completed (Project Management, 2015). Project Management. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/project-management.asp Outsourcing and offshoring Outsourcing refers to an organization contracting work out to a 3rd party, while offshoring refers to getting work done in a different country, usually to leverage cost advantages. Its possible to outsource work but not offshore it; for example, hiring an outside law firm to review contracts instead of maintaining an in-house staff of lawyers. It is also possible to offshore work but not outsource it; for example, a Dell customer service center in India to serve American clients. Offshore outsourcing is the practice of hiring a vendor to do the work offshore, usually to lower costs and take advantage of the vendors expertise, economies of scale, and large and scalable labor pool (Offshoring Vs. Outsourcing, 2014). Offshoring vs. Outsourcing. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Offshoring_vs_Outsourcing Inventory turnover A measure of how often the company sells and replaces its inventory. It is the ratio of annual cost of sales to the latest inventory. One can also interpret the ratio as the time to which inventory is held. For example a ratio of 26 implies that inventory is held, on average, for two weeks (365 days in a year divided by inventory turnover ratio of 26 equals 14 days pr 2 weeks average inventory holding period). It is best to use this ratio to compare companies within an industry (high turnover is a good sign) because there are huge differences in this ratio across industries (The Free Dictionary, 2013-2015). The Free Dictionary. (2013-2015). Inventory turnover. Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Inventory+Turnover Just-in-time inventory (JIT) A supply chain management system designed to reduce carrying costs to a minimum. A firm only orders what it expects for its immediate needs; therefore, it keeps a lowinventory. For example, if a retailer believes it  will sell 1,000 widgets in a week, it orders precisely 1,000 widgets from its manufacturer. JIT systems require that the retailer at the end of the supply chain can accurately predict demand for its products. They also require that each stage of the supply chain knows exactly how much time it takes to fill an order when it is made. The automotive industry and budget retailers commonly use JIT systems (The Free Dictionary, 2012-2015). The Free Dictionary. (2012-2015). Just In Time. Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Just-in-Time+Inventory+System Vender managed inventory (VMI) A means of optimizing Supply Chain performance in which the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining the distributor’s inventory levels. The manufacturer has access to the distributor’s inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders. To further define it, let’s look at 2 business models (Vendor Managed Inventory, 2015). Vendor Managed Inventory. (2015). Definition of Vendor Managed Inventory. Retrieved from http://www.vendormanagedinventory.com/definition.php Forecasting and demand management The use of historic data to determine the direction of future trends. Forecasting is used by companies to determine how to allocate their budgets for an upcoming period of time (Investopedia, 2015). Demand Management: Macroeconomics: Use of monetary and fiscal policies to influence the aggregate demand for goods or services in an economy. During periods of high unemployment, governments attempts to stimulate damand, and hence, production and employment and during periords of high inflation or balance fo payment problems to curb it ( Business Dictionary, 2015). Investopedia. (2015). Forecasting . Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/forecasting.asp Business Dictionary. (2015). Demand Management. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/demand-management.html

Why is Pilgrimage an Important aspect of the Hindu Religion ? :: essays papers

Why is Pilgrimage an Important aspect of the Hindu Religion ? The following essay addresses that of the Hindu pilgrimage as to why pilgrimage is an important aspect of Hindu religion? Firstly, the essay focusses on points which support pilgrimage as a fundamental and key aspect of the Hindu community. Secondly, a perspective denying pilgrimages have any significant role for Hindu and their religion is discussed. It does seem though, to me, that without the aspect of pilgrimage, the Hindu religion would still function quite noramally because although the pilgrimage sites give darsan, they do not seem to be able to assist people with their day to day problems, whereas holy men do. First though we need to know exactly what darsan means to Hindus. Darsan means seeing in Hindu religion and when people go to a temple, they say they do not go to worship but rather for darsan - they go to see the image of the deity. The pinacle act of Hindu worship, is to stand in the presence of the deity and to look upon the image with their eyes, so as to see and be seen by the deity. The deity is believed to actually be within the image, and beholding the deity image is a form of worship where through the eyes one gains blessings. A pilgrimage is a religious journey; people undertake pilgrimages so they can worship at special places which are connected to their religion. Journeying to holy places of pilgrimage are generally carried out as acts of faith and devotion in accummulating religious merit or to atone for sins. Pilgrimages are also regarded by Hindus as a religious duty from which darsan can be attained. There are thousands of pilgrimage sites - tirthas (sacred, fords or crossings) in India, where many places of pilgrimage are renowned for their divine images. And it is the darsan of these divine images that are sought , because the darsan is believed by Hindus to be far greater and significant than that which can be granted and given by holy men i.e. sadhus. It entails then, that holy places of pilgrimages are an extension of additional darsan, of which can be given and received by travelling on a pilgrimage. For example, pilgrims go to the sacred hill of Tirupati for the darsan of Sri Venkatesvara, an ancient icon believed to be a form of Visnu. According to legend, the Lord came to bless a particular devotee who was faithful in his duties towards his parents. The devotee took no time

Marketing Plan of a Waste Management Company

Executive Summary: Green Industry is an organization which will provide a complete solution for managing industrial liquid waste to large and medium sized companies. It will be a business to business service. In recent days environment pollution has become a concerning issue for everyone. Marketing Strategy: The marketing strategy is the core of the main strategy: 1. Emphasize high value, high quality products and services. 2. Build a relationship oriented business. 3. Focus on large and medium industries currently producing liquid wastes and polluting rivers severely as our initial markets. Products and Services: Our products and services offer needed solution to the selected industries. We will provide two types of product: 1. Liquid waste solidification service: This service is suitable for those industries that generate liquid wastes required a convenient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly way to dispose of these substances. This solidification process involves mixing liquid waste with selected reagents and/or absorbents to create a substance hard and dry enough to be landfilled. Solidifying liquid waste in this manner allows companies to economically dispose of non-hazardous liquids in a Green Industry Subtitle â€Å"D† landfill while reducing its long-term contingent liability. Our consultant will evaluate the liquid waste to see if it qualifies for liquid waste solidification treatment and then determine the specific reagents needed to solidify it. The recommended treatment will be conducted in a safe and timely manner in full compliance with environmental regulations. 2. Recycling service: This is for those residues which can be recycled from waste to fertilizers and other soil enhancer. Recycling is biological decomposition of organic materials. Bacteria, fungi, protozoan, insects, worms and other organisms typically play a part in the decomposition process. Composting is nature’s means of recycling. It will turn grass clipping, leaves, vegetables, fruit and other organic materials into a very beneficial soil amendment. As a market pioneer we will offer certain services. They are: †¢ We have a well established website to inform our activities and services to our current and potential customers. Moreover, they can place order in our website and we will provide them their desired services within 3 days. †¢ In order to increase the value of waste, we will consult on different options of managing waste taking into consideration risk and cost/benefits and the present legislation of residues treatment and disposal. †¢ We will provide an exclusive service at a low cost to maintain our disposal system to our customer. There will be several teams consisting of technicians and workers who will go to the companies individually on a regular basis to check the system working properly. Product Description: †¢ Liquid waste solidification: A solidified liquid waste is a Six-Step Process. 1. Evaluation: Based on waste profile information provided by the customer or samples taken on site, Green Industry technicians test the samples at the nearest Green Industry landfill and select an appropriate mixture of reagents and/or absorbents for treatment. 2. Transportation: Green Industry transports the liquid waste to a designated Subtitle D landfill where it is weighed. Transport can be accomplished using tanker trucks, drums or roll-off containers. 3. Monitoring: The liquid waste is poured into a specially engineered liquid container basin. This basin is monitored regularly to ensure that its surface remains intact and that no liquids leach into the surrounding environment. 4. Introduction to Mixture: Reagents and/or absorbents are introduced to the mixture. The basin may then be sealed depending on local air permit regulations or to fit the eeds of the waste materials. 5. Tests: The liquid and reagents/absorbents are mechanically mixed. Once the liquid hardens, one or more paint filter tests are performed to confirm that the substance is no longer in a liquid state. 6. Landfill Disposal: Solidified waste is transferred from the engineered basin to a site vehicle and directed for disposal within the adjacent Subtitle D landfill. †¢ Recycling: The residues which can be recycled to fertilizers will be evaluated by our experienced technicians and then will be sent to our recycling department to process it. These recycling/composting units work as follows. The unit is 50 feet long. The sludge is placed into one end of the unit. To make compost, additional dry fibrous material such as sawdust, wood chips, or bark must be added. We will acquire a steady supply of these from International Paper Company. The unit turns slowly, making four revolutions per hour, to ensure that adequate oxygen gets to all of the composting material. Also, the unit is set on a very slight, 2 degree angle so that as the unit turns, the material slowly migrates toward the opposite end of the unit. During the composting process, the material heats up (due to the natural reaction) to temperatures of approximately 140 degrees Fahrenheit; this kills any harmful bacteria in the composting material. Temperature can be controlled to ensure optimum composting environment. Also, the moisture levels can be controlled to ensure optimum composting. After three days, the material has reached the opposite end of the unit where it is removed. Pricing: In Bangladesh most of the industry-owners are not willing to pay high cost to develop effluent management system in their industries. So our main goal will be to provide our service at minimum possible price in the first phase of the business. Place: To reduce our cost we will use direct distribution system which means all our services will be available in our regional office. Promotion: Our promotional strategy will be two-fold: first phase promotion will focus on before, during, and six months following our opening; the second phase of promotion will deal with the long term activities. The purposes of the first phase are to create market for our company and to ensure early and sustained profitability. The purpose of the second phase is to ensure long-term growth and helps boost us toward achieving our goal of expanding new market and sectors throughout Bangladesh. In this report we will describe the first phase of promotion. Personal Selling: Once face-to-face with our customer, we will be unique in our creative and flexible approach in order to solve our clients' waste problems. Our approach will be that of a consulting firm. We will visit the customer and investigate which residues the industry has. We will manage and collect whatever residues exist. The process begins with an evaluation meeting with our future client where our representative will analyze the scrap output and recommend the most efficient collection system. Pick-up will be scheduled on an as-needed basis or on a regular schedule, depending on the situation. The client's needs can be met by a variety of equipment, including special trucks. After the initial consultation, a comprehensive and customized proposal will be submitted to the customer. The result will be a program that fits neatly into an organization's day-to-day activities as well as its long-term planning. Arranging Campaigns: About 6,000 large and medium industries and 24,000 small industries are operating in Bangladesh which discharge effluents directly to the rivers or nearby canal or waterbed without any regard to environment. Green Industry will arrange a huge number of campaigns and seminars to aware people about the river pollution they are responsible of. We will focus mainly on the owners of textile, tannery, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, metal, food industry, fertilizers, cement, and chemical industries to attend these campaigns and seminars. According to an expert, ‘‘an average of 19 cubic liter water containing more than 300 different chemical compounds is being discharged daily from these industries. † So our main objective will be to protect our rivers from pollution by influencing industry-owners to adopt waste management system and for their convenience we will provide our technology. Advertisement: We will utilize direct mail and face-to-face promotional strategies to raise awareness about our products and services in the target markets. Newspaper advertising may also be used. All our advertisement will convey two messages: stop pollution and use our product because we are trustworthy. We will focus on our services in our advertisements. Some Billboards promoting Green Industry will include a statement referring to aware people against river pollution in the industrial areas. The statement could be, â€Å"Can you live without pure drinking water? If not, Save the Rivers and Adopt Waste Management†. Internet: We will have a content heavy website geared toward educating potential customers about the benefits of our products and services. All literature, business cards, etc. ill include our website and e-mail address information. Sales Promotion: We will offer special offers to promote our product in the beginning stage. For example, we will install the plant with no service charge for the first 100 customers. Besides, we will offer discounts and prizes on special occasions. We will also induce product trial but in a limited way. Second Phase Promotion s Publicity: As the business grows and expands we will continue to seek publicity through news media to tout our successes. Advertising: We will continue to make face-to-face contact with customers and potential customers. Mail-outs will be done again within a few months of start up. The second round of mail outs will be updated to reflect the benefits provided to customers thus far. Such mail-outs will be sent periodically. Internet: We will continue to have a comprehensive website. The website will be updated to provide responses to frequently asked questions. After the first six months, and certainly after the first year, we will evaluate the viability of having target clients advertise on our site, and conversely, we will evaluate viability of advertising on our target clients’ websites (if applicable). Product Life Cycle: Every product has a limited life and product sales pass through distinct stages, each posing different challenges, opportunities, and problem to the seller. Introduction Stage: At the introduction stage our sales growth will tend to be slow because it takes time to roll out a new product. Our profit will be low or negative. [pic] fig: Product Life Cycle In the introduction stage our marketing strategies will be: †¢ Product will be introduced to the target market with brand name and trust. †¢ Pricing will be low. We will maintain a lean cost structure. We will dispose of waste in large quantities, thus enjoying lower costs and economies of scale. †¢ Distribution will be selective until customers show acceptance of the product. †¢ Promotion is aimed to building awareness of the product as well as environmental pollution. Growth Stage: When our product will be accepted by the early adopters, we will tend to achieve the growth stage. In this stage, our strategies will be: †¢ Product quality will be maintained and our research and development department will try to add new product features. †¢ Pricing will be lower to encourage the medium and small industries to adopt our waste management system. Distribution coverage will be increased to other division of Bangladesh. We will provide our service in Khulna and Bogra outside Dhaka. †¢ Promotion will be for product preference advertising. We will focus more industries in our promotional activities. Situation Analysis: Dhaka city of ours is affected with various en vironmental problems staking the lives of its inhabitants. Because of highly dense population, lack of environmental consciousness among the inhabitants and absence of proper role of public agencies it is going to be one of the deadliest cities in world as well. At present river pollution in Bangladesh has become a headache for all environment concern people. In Bangladesh, industrial units are mostly located along the banks of the rivers. There are obvious reasons for this such as provision of transportation for incoming raw materials and outgoing finished products. Unfortunately, as a consequence, industrial units drain effluents directly into the rivers without any consideration of the environmental degradation. The most problematic industries for the water sector are textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper mills, fertilizer, industrial chemical production and refineries. A complex mixture of hazardous chemicals, both organic and inorganic, is discharged into the water bodies from all these industries usually without treatment. To improve the situation, the government has decided to make it mandatory for all industries to have effluent treatment plants. But in Bangladesh there is no such a company like us to provide the complete solution for managing liquid waste. Therefore it is the high time for us to enter the market and create consciousness among people against river pollution. Customer Analysis: Target Market: ILRM will target the industries which produce liquid and hazardous residues. We will use demographic and geographic segmentation so that we can reach the customer more efficiently and effectively with products and services that match their different needs. Geographic Segmentation: Green Industry will focus on these areas which are being densely polluted by the industrial wastes. The major industrial locations of the country are concentrated in three metropolitan areas: †¢ Dhaka, which includes Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Demra, Tongi, Savar, and Narayangonj. †¢ Khulna, which includes Shiromoni, Kalishpur, and Rupsha. †¢ Chittagong, which includes Kalurghat, Patenga, Bhatiary, Nasirabad, and Kaptai. Bogra is a rapidly growing industrial center in the northwestern part of the country where many of the machine tools and agro-based industries are located. In the first year of operation, GI will target only to Dhaka and Chittagong and after reaching the break even point in these locations we will expand our area coverage. Corporate/Professional Segmentatio n: As GI’s mission is to reduce water pollution by installing GI’s product in the selected industries, we will keep those industries which are mostly responsible for the pollution on our center of our attention. Estimated industrial pollution has summarized in Table 1 in the index. It shows the top-eleven most polluting industries, which we will focus on. They are- pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, metal, food industry, fertilizers, cement, tanneries, textiles, and industrial chemicals. Market Growth: This market growth is fueled by a more health conscious customer. By different campaigns and seminars we will induce industry owners to adopt waste management process which will enable us to grow our market. Again, our recycling process has a great potential market of selling fertilizers. After a certain period of time when our company reaches to maturity stage, we will introduce more ways of disposing hazardous and non-hazardous industrial residues. This will help us to continue our market growth smoothly through entering into new market segments in different stage. Market Trends: Current trends in the market greatly favor the start-up of our waste management business. Laws have been passed in Bangladesh placing greater emphasis on industrial waste management. These laws take effect in 2009. Large industries are already seeking a means of disposal their waste in an environment friendly way. So Green Industry solves their problem. Again our recycling department also has a great impact on organic fertilizer market. The demand for compost to use in organic farming and other applications is growing rapidly. Marketing Strategy for Small Industries: Some small industries will not have much space for implementing our liquid waste solidification process. Because they also produce toxic liquid wastes which pollute rivers at almost same rate as large industries do, we have special service to offer. We will provide them a special kind of containers to pour their liquid waste into these containers. Then we will collect the ontainers daily and dispose them safely in our company’s personal basin constructed in our factory area. The service charge and transportation cost will be paid by the customers. Level of Competition: In Bangladesh the level of competition for our company is low. There are no companies in the market that have a proposal like ours: to manage all liquid wast e released by a company, either with commercial value or not, in a safe way. The main competitors are the current companies that collect specific types of scrap. Most of these companies are small, offering unprofessional services with low scale economies in their operations. Risks: After evaluating the critical elements of the investment and business risk, we have come to the conclusion that there is an acceptable overall risk for the Green Industry concept for the following reasons: †¢ Industry: We will be a pioneer in a nascent industry. However, this industry has great potential. †¢ Demand assumptions: In our country most of the industry-owners are not willing to allocate their investment for waste management. Rather they will throw their wastes to a river which is cost free. Our main obstacle will be to pursue them to develop a waste management system. Again small industries do not have much space and investment to apply our waste management system. Though we have a different and convenient plan for these small industries, but convincing them will be much tougher than the pursuing big industries. †¢ Technological and operational obsolescence: New operational and technological processes will likely reduce the quantity of waste generated. However, this will not only be a slow process, but not all companies will be willing to pay for the changes required. Some industries will be very difficult and costly to change. We believe there will always be an industrial waste demand. Branding: As a new company brand value is important for the growth of our business. We will create our brand equity by stating the benefits and attributes of our products and services. Our brand will say our core value which is to save our river water from getting polluted. Moreover, our brand promises to provide all stated services to our customers. Benefits of liquid waste solidification: †¢ Cost-savings over alternative treatment and disposal solutions. †¢ Compliance with environmental regulations. †¢ Long-term indemnification. Advantages of this recycling/composting method are as follows: †¢ Recycling is completed rapidly in three days. Other methods take 90 plus days. †¢ Waste materials in the unit are isolated from the environment. †¢ The manager has precise control of moisture, temperature, and aeration during the process to ensure the most efficient composting possible. †¢ In-vessel composting can maintain a rapid decomposition process year-round regardless of external ambient conditions. The material can be used for improvement of organic matter content and fertility of soil.