Jim Goodnight Essay

Goodnight is driven by creating a culture that is full of employee engagement and motivation. On the SAS website, Jim Goodnight is quoted as saying, â€Å"Treat employees like they make a difference and they will†. In a publication from Harvard Business Review that Goodnight co-wrote with author Richard Florida he states, â€Å"companies prosper when they harness the creative capital of their employees, as those are the individuals that are creative thinkers and generate valuable products and services. † Mr. Goodnight understands that his product is a â€Å"product of the mind,† and therefore recognizes that maintaining an environment that retains employees and keeps them engaged is a requirement to be successfully. Jim Goodnight has entrenched motivator factors into his business, while minimizing and eliminating hygiene factors for his employees. SAS uses a vertical loading management style that allows employees to be more engaged and empowered in their work. Employees draw responsibility and challenge from this management platform. SAS employees are often only two or three levels down from the CEO, Jim Goodnight, and work alongside their management writing code and setting deadlines. These factors motivate employees and displays to them that managers can be technical in nature and work alongside them â€Å"in the trenches. † Also, SAS has a strong focus on employee satisfaction and uses all possible means to minimize and eliminate hygiene factors that could cause dissatisfaction. Mr. Goodnight pays his employees a competitive salary, however, he shows his commitment through other means such as; benefits, company programs, and employee facilities. SAS understands that work life balance is a conflict that most professionals have to deal with and overcome. SAS maintains flexibility by offering services that ease this burden such as; lunch programs, unlimited sick leave, and in house childcare. The fact that SAS has never had a layoff speaks volumes to its employees about the dedication that leadership has to its employees on job security and proper staffing levels. These factors have far reaching effects on employees and families, as they recognize and appreciate these benefits. My current employer offers a package similar to the one SAS provides its employees, and I experience similar results. For example, teams are more motivated and engaged in their work with minimal turnover and low dissatisfaction with their jobs, and teams are more likely to accept additional assignments with minimal pushback. Jim Goodnight is clearly motivated by offering his employees the highest quality of work life balance possible. He believes the culture is based on â€Å"trust between our employees and the company.

‘Stand Up Tall’ by Dizzee Rascal Evaluation Report

There are several features to our production which were included based on research in past examples. To try and create authenticity with our production became one of the aims because of he style of research done and its extensiveness on past examples. One key feature was the speed of the edited scenes. Researched examples always included a fast paced style and this was incorporated. This not only meant scenes of shorter but it increased the length of times given to develop the story. The increased number of scenes due to the nature of the music led to a development in the story which could be told to make up this number and to make up the duration of the track. One of the key strengths of our production I feel is the way in which it closely relates to its genre. With the speed of editing, the urban locations chosen and the ethnicity of the characters involved, it was a very genre specific video. One weakness however I feel is the lack of varying camera angles. Close ups were used a large percentage of the time. Understandably, due to the videos narrative nature and the fact that there are no scenes which involve speech embedded in our video, or cut-scenes, it is difficult to correctly convey feelings or reactions without needing to focus on a characters expression. However, there are more ways to do this. High angle shots can signify authority and low angle shots the adverse. Establishing shots could be used to set a whole scene to the audience. If we were given the chance to do it again, I would greatly vary the amount of types of shots used. It is important to add variety to the style of camera work to increase the size of the parameters for creativity, which is what the narrative style of our video did indirectly. An example in our video where more camera angles could have been incorporated is the scene which shows the phone call between Tariq, the main character, and his pregnant ex-girlfriend. Although the camera work here is good and it conveys successfully the message it wants to, it doesn't vary in camera angle between the two characters. It tends to stay with medium close ups. In a video I analysed called ‘Stand Up Tall' by Dizzee Rascal, the artist is in a majority of the shots but is seen from different angles such as over the shoulder, long shot, medium close ups and close ups. I think our group could have worked better as a team. The main flaw was our inability to meet up, discuss ideas and become all aware as to which stage of production we are at. We at times thought different things were occurring and we didn't all pull in the same direction until towards the end of production when editing. These are the sessions where we worked well as a group. When editing, we looked at the production and any idea brought up by one of our group members were considered. This process happened several times and this ensured us that we were all happy with the final production. Another disappointing thing about our group was the lack of met deadlines. However, this directly came as a consequence as a lack of deadlines set. Although the work was shared between the group, it was very disorganised as to when it should be done. It was very difficult for this reason to know whether we were ahead or behind schedule with the only dates determined was the final deadline for all work. Although I have no first hand experience as to how a real film production team works, I assume due to the scale of their work and the time they spend on it that they would be much more organised than we were. I feel a real film production team would make a priority a schedule to refer back to as to what should be done before a certain stage but we failed to do this. BBFC's film classifications detail parameters to meet a certain certificate. We wanted our production to be available for viewing pre-watershed and this meant it could not involve any swearing, scenes of nudity or scene of extreme violence. Our production met these criteria. I had decided to show ten members of our audience a screening of our music video in an attempt to establish how these members would appreciate its qualities and informs us of some flaws. I was happy with many of the responses because they were intelligent answers. I decided to outline nine features of our work and asked then on the questionnaire to circle one of the words excellent, good, satisfactory, disappointing and poor. And then there was a tenth open ended question asking them to detail how well they felt it went with the genre of music. The results of this investigation were positive. According to our results, our camera work and mise-en-scene features were very good. This could be down to the emphasis this took when deciding to produce a narrative music video with the absence of speech. The quality of our editing was though of well also. This could be down to the way we each combed through thr music video when editing and discussed ideas thoroughly during the editing process. However, one thing which disappointed was the lighting. It was at times unclear as to what was happening due to the poor lighting at times. The responses to the open ended question at the end of the production was positive. The most mentioned feature which related it to past examples was the use of scenes, synchronised which changes in the beat of the music and mentioned to speed of the editing. The synchronization of the beat to scenes was apparent in the very beginning when the door closes as the heavy beat drops in the music. And the fast paced editing came about as the research into previous examples showed us that it was important to music and music videos of this genre.

Internal Control Procedures

The internal control system should be designed to detect and prevent fraud, errors and omissions, and material misstatements, but it can only provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatements. The best designed internal control system will not prevent management override or collusion. The internal controls system is only as good as the management support behind the system; this includes training employees and actively monitoring the controls. management should be investigated, explained and corrected as appropriate. Each of these internal. Internal control procedures are the responsibility of management. Each control should be evaluated based on risk and a cost/benefit analysis. There are several effective low cost procedures that can be implemented. These control procedures, when operating effectively, will provide reasonable assurance that mistakes will be either prevented or detected. Examples of controls that would have ensured that the prepaid adjustments were made would be to compile a check-list of recurring monthly journal entries, than as part of the financial statement review process, this check-list should be reviewed by management. At each financial statement date, each balance sheet account is reconciled; this will ensure that each balance is supported. All reconciliations should be reviewed and approved by management. Finally at each financial statement date, flux analysis should be performed by comparing the actual results with both prior period actual and the budget. All variances within a tolerance threshold defined by control procedures are manual processes, which can be implemented with proper staff training Symptoms of a lack of internal control include failure of management in exercising proper due care and proper staff supervision. These symptoms can be identified by missing documentation and identified errors in the account balances; and the lack of a company-wide ethics policy. (Herrera, 2010) Another symptom is that there is an identified lack of segregation of duties; which means that staff members have access and are performing tasks that are in contradiction to the normal assigned duties. We identified that the adjusting entries for prepaid insurance were not recorded for the first 3 months of the year. For the first three months, expenses were understated which means that net income was overstated, also current assets were also overstated.

Effects of a Changing World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effects of a Changing World - Essay Example The areas affected most by the change from a bipolar world ruled by the U.S and the Soviet Union include the nature of intelligence gathered, changing use of intelligence by the government, and the influence of these intelligence on U.S domestic and foreign policies (Martland, 2008). For instance, as other powers such as China and Brazil continue to rise, the U.S intelligence has been forced to form unique intelligence alliances with its allies such as the British (Martland, 2008). Specifically, the social, economic, cultural, and political hegemony that emerged and spread in the 1990s implied that the U.S intelligence community had to treat intelligence as a hegemonic concept to gain insight into other societies. In particular, the current social hegemony in which people have the freedom and the right to exercise their civil powers has made the U.S intelligence community to change their perception towards intelligence (Dieseldorff, 2009).Thus, due to the civil powers brought about b y social, political, cultural, and economic hegemony, the intelligence community recognizes that hegemonic concepts have to be normalized (Dieseldorff, 2009). This changing nature of the world has quite a number of implications for the U.S intelligence community. For instance, the U.S intelligence is currently designed to establish and promote a culture of imperialism in which the U.S tries to dictate not only the internal affairs of other countries but also their social and economic features. For illustration, besides supporting the Iraqi and the Afghani Wars, the U.S intelligence has supported the installation and the creation of internal and sponsored governments in these subordinate states. Martland, P. (2008). â€Å"Spooks and Spies: a History of the British and US Intelligence Communities, 1909 to the Present†. Retrieved on September 2, 2012 from

UK Food Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

UK Food Industry - Essay Example Obesity can be fuelled by excessive consumption of high-fat food, genetic predisposition, and lack of physical exercise. However, several parties play a role in causing obesity in a certain population. For instance, both the government and business firms determine what type of food the population eats, any unhealthy food with high fat and sugar content will definitely cause obesity (Parkin & Boyd, 2011). This paper seeks to expound on the childhood obesity in the United Kingdom, with a close analysis on the food industry’s corporate social responsibility, focusing on MacDonald restaurants and the role they have played in combating childhood obesity. In the UK, obesity has been declared a crisis since its population is gradually turning obese. For example, a research conducted in 2007 revealed that nearly 25% of all adults were obese. The figure steadily increased in 2012 with 37% of all adults in the UK being obese. This trend seems to escalate so quickly that it is estimated that by 2025 nearly 40% of Britons will be obese with the Body Mass Index greater than 30kg/M ². The figure is even reaching Biblical proportions by 2050 with the speculations of obesity affecting 60% of adult men and 50% of adult females (ParliÅ„ska, A, & Rembielak, 2014). The Foresight Report of 2007 exposed causes of obesity among the UK’s population. These causes were broadly categorized into four groups, the social influences that entail individual habits and psychology, the activity environment focusing of individual’s physical activity practices, biology which basically means the genetic predisposition to obesity and food environment that sums up all types of food consumed as well as their caloric and fat content. Each of these factors plays a role in causing obesity in the UK but the most adamant one is the food environment. Obesity easily becomes a crisis because it is associated with other medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis etc.

Levels of Prevention Paper (Primary Health Prevention levels by Essay

Levels of Prevention Paper (Primary Health Prevention levels by Community Health Nurses) - Essay Example Health relates to ensuring the optimal level of well-being in the individual. In the homeless this relates to ensuring that they are as well protected from the effects which being homeless may have on their health as possible. The nursing paradigm relates to the use of the skills of the community nurse in creating and maintaining a relationship with the individual as well as offering appropriate treatment and care. Taking these four metaparadigms into account, primary prevention would be considered to be an effective community health care strategy to use with the homeless. Primary prevention relates to the interventions which the community nurse creates to prevent risk behaviors before they start. In the case of the homeless aggregate this pertains to preventing behaviors which may put the homeless person’s health and well being at risk in order to maintain this at the optimal levels possible given the situation. This could also be considered in terms of maintaining the fourteen areas of nursing care as established by Henderson in the Interactive model of nursing (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003). This framework can be seen in Appendix 1. Primary prevention will be achieved through health promotion and education and health protection in line with this framework, focusing in preventing any behavior which may compromise the elements of the framework. The importance of primary prevention is that it is independent of diagnosis (Wenger, 2006). This means that it is an accessible form of health care, making it particularly suitable for those groups who m ay resist diagnosis, as may be the case for some subgroups of the homeless. This step of primary prevention focuses on the development of accessible health education programs for the homeless. This focuses on using education to prevent any behaviors which may put the health of the individual at risk, such as heavy alcohol consumption, unprotected sex and other risky behaviors. The strategies

2012 London Olympic Games Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2012 London Olympic Games - Case Study Example Among these broad categories that were considered is the sporting events that will be in and around London, the global appeal of individual sports, local appeal of a particular sport that is influenced by UK’s past success on the sport, and event stages where awards will be issued. In addition, influential teams or athletes that have a lot of influence also impacted on the pricing for particular events they were participating in and lastly, the pricing strategies for past Olympics was also considered during the pricing for London Olympics (Gourville and Bertini, 8). Based on the experience that Williamson had on pricing for events, he knew that it would be easy to sell highly priced tickets during the opening ceremony, finals for particular events, and during the closing ceremony. However, the biggest headache was selling tickets for ‘not-so-popular events’ such as handball, archery, and table tennis, especially during the preliminary rounds. Besides this fact, Williamson was also faced with the challenge of setting prices for individual sports (Gourville and Bertini, 1). However, it is important to note that the severity of the challenge varied with nature of the sport, for example, it was not challenging task to set the prices for swimming events as compared to handball events. For the most popular events, which comprised of swimming, artistic gymnastics, and athletics, the prices of the tickets during the preliminary rounds was expected to remain at a high level during the entire period but they were expected to be at their peak (highest price) during the finals and award ceremony of the sport. Additionally, ticket prices for individual sports also varied depending on the seating arrangement i.e. seats that were close to the playing field were highly priced than seats at the far back end of the playing field. Sports that had influential personalities who were widely known across the World

Hakim's Preference Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hakim's Preference Theory - Essay Example She describes women into three groups of which only a minority is focused on having a professional career. She estimates that this minority stands somewhere between a tenth to the third of all the women in the workforce. A similar number of women are focused on their families and give preference to their children and their homes over their work (Jenkins, 2004). The remaining majority which could be anywhere from half the women in the workforce to 80% of women in the workforce try to adapt their work to their lives outside the office or they may try to work around their lives with their families. By splitting women into these three groups, Hakim also pointed out predictors for their employment patterns and they're marital as well as fertility rates. The results of the study she conducted to test her theory supported her ideas and she showed that the majority of women who focused on their work were employed on a full-time basis, had not married and had low rates in terms of fertility (Arndt, 2003). On the other hand, her research also showed that women who were focused on their homes and their families were more likely to be married with more than twice the number of children as compared to women who focused on their work. The numbers for fertility and marriage rates of women who adapted their professional careers to their family situation remained in the middle of work centered and family-centered women. With these ideas, Hakim dismisses years of feminist thought as myths (Jenkins, 2004). This has become the primary reason why Hakim’s Preference Theory has attracted so much attention because it is quite provocative.

HR project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR project - Essay Example This shows that a comprehensive review was made of the HR department of the Bank. 2. Best Performing HR Function In my opinion the best performing HR function was that of the John Manville Corporation. This was because the efforts made by HR for the training and development of the employees were really visible. The HR department encouraged the training and development efforts of its employees, and had an open door policy; it was also felt that the HR department recognized the need for work life balance and had a relationship with its employees that went beyond just the job function. 3. Most Comprehensive, Professional and Effective Project Summary and Presentation I think that the presentation made by the team that chose Nordstrom was the most comprehensive, professional and effective project summary. The various sections of their presentation regarding company history, HR evaluation and the way the company operates and its guiding principles and investment in HR training and practic ability is most clearly shown. They do not hesitate to hide their weaknesses but are keen to learn from them. The balance of text and images and flow of information was also quite effortless and very well made. 4. My Three Greatest Learning Points Acquired From This Project I think my number one learning point would be the value of teamwork. I really appreciated how my team got together for this project, how we discussed ideas for going about the project from start to finish, how we set them out on paper, about how to approach the project, who would do what and how, and what would be the final outcome and how it would be set out on paper. The other important part was to see that everything was covered as far as possible, and nothing was left out. The last part was in coordinating it all together in the form of a presentation and reviewing it until we felt that we had done a good enough job for a final presentation. The second learning point that I would mention was although that the re was a wide variety of the type of organizations covered by this project, from profits to non profits, engineering to retail. Yet it was amazing how the HR functions and responsibilities were more or less the same no matter what the organization or its purpose. In the final analysis, employee satisfaction and care was all that mattered from an HR perspective. The third learning point was that it helped each of us take responsibility for the project. Each team member had certain tasks to perform, with specific output desired and a deadline to meet the same. He or she had to do this so that the contributions to the project could be consolidated and sorted out before making the final presentation. The final shape would not have been possible if all the team members did not play their part. 5. What Has Become Powerfully Clear To Me as to the One or Two Most Critical Aspects of Managing Human Resources for an Organization I think that based upon all the reviews and presentations made i n class regarding this project, certain common factors emerged which made it clear to me that the one or two most critical aspects of managing the HR function for an organization are to promote a level playing field where justice and equity is provided for each and every employee, there are no favorites and nobody can bend the rules and get away with it. This is instrumental in boosting employee morale. Employees know that HR cares when they see these principles in action. Moving from improving employee

Confucian perspective and critique Qin rule Essay

Confucian perspective and critique Qin rule - Essay Example This paper seeks to adopt a Confucian perspective and criticize Qin rule. The paper will analyze the rapid decline of Qin’s rule, identify what Confucians objected about Qin’s rule, and explain why Confucianism was seemingly a better ruling ideology. According to legalism in the Qin Dynasty, the law was referenced and available to the public where all before the Emperor were equal under the law. Legalism sought to reward law-abiding citizens and punish lawbreakers severely. Actually, the Qin implemented corporal punishments and sentenced legal offenders to hard labor for the state. As such, legalism ran the state and not the emperor. Nevertheless, the Confucian scholars who were victims of legalism had detailed information on Chinese history including the Qin Dynasty and had great impact on other cultures like the Korean culture. Confucianism is an aspect of philosophy emanating from the teachings of Confucius (551 - 479 BC). As such, Confucianism was a formidable force in Chinese political and social history. Indeed, Confucianism main aim was to train its followers on traditional rituals, respect for authority, loyalty, flexibility of leaders, respect for the aged, and benevolence. Therefore, Confucianism promoted a tradition of â€Å"humane authority.† However, Confucianism faced support and equally opposition from various scholars. In fact, while some scholars like Lu Xun accused it of limiting modernization, others like Kang Yuwei used it to for Chinese nationalism. In the 19th century, the influence of Confucianism declined as Qing Dynasty ended in 1911. In the later dynasties, legalism fell and consistently merged with Confucianism to play central roles in the Chinese government. Most assuredly, Qin Shi Huang incurred opposition from Confucian historians and consequently becoming one of the shortest-lived dynasties in Chinese history.  According to Morton and Lewis, â€Å"Qin Shi Huang Di, the First Emperor, incurred the disapprova l of Confucian historians and in actuality was in many ways a ruthless tyrant† (Morton and Lewis 46). The Rapid Decline of Qin’s Rule The Qin Dynasty existed between 256-202 B.C.E. The Qin Dynasty settled in the North where it initiated reforms and created a powerful army using horse archers to form a powerful state. The first emperor of Qui Dynasty was Qin Shi Huang and ruled via legalism. Most assuredly is the fact that Shih Huang Ti was a very efficient and unifying leader in ancient China. Nevertheless, his rule lasted for the shortest time because of his harsh leadership style. Uniquely, Qin chose to break the China's old provinces and loyalties and created others under the leadership of non-hereditary governors. This was a blatant mistake, as the governors had no capacity to accumulate power in one place through different generations as sought in Chinese culture. It is equally true that although Qin initiated many effective projects in ancient China, these project s required a lot of taxes and human labor from the Chinese people that was against their will and ability. Indeed, he forced the ordinary people to work on his projects with harsh and cruel punishments muted on the people. As such, though the projects were viable, they made his rule very unpopular among the poor citizens. Moreover, Qin initiated and completed the Great Wall of China (Morton and Lewis 45-46). However, this wall had huge costs on human lives from hunger,

My parents divorce and the lessons i learned Essay

My parents divorce and the lessons i learned - Essay Example In fact I feel that it was only because of me that they didn't do it till then. I was not able to accept their divorce and was depressed. In school I tried to avoid mingling with others and always found ways to separate myself. I always felt that happiness was only for those who had a good family. I feel that just one incidence of my parents divorce was a major disaster in my life and had taken away all my happiness. They were also lacking love and affection from their families and I found that they hardly bothered about such things. They took me into their friend circle and I started to enjoy their company. Though I realized that their association would spoil my health and would cause me a lot of harm, I still went along with them. In their parties there was boozing, drugs and all other negative things one can think off. Though I started boozing with them I never tried drugs, as I had sense that once I get into such activities I will never have a comeback. It was when I turned 18 that I had a good friend who could bring me back to the real life and show me that there is still a lot of love and happiness in the world. I love her and she also loved me. We started to like each others association and found that we are made for each other. But since I had not seen my parents in love, I always had a fear in my mind that if I get married to her I may not be as happy as I am now. So for years we were t ogether without getting married. Once I v

Intercultural aspect of conflict resolution Essay Example for Free

Intercultural aspect of conflict resolution Essay During the first day of the workshop, I did not completely understand the real meaning of culture. I did not even have a single definition for the term culture. Many questions came into my mind such as, â€Å"What is culture? What are the factors that create culture? What is the scope of culture? Does culture improve itself or not? Although, I started the inquiry on the concept of culture without certain answers for these questions, I had figured them out step by step during that day. I started to find answers for most of the questions that I faced. I finally understood what culture was and why different people with different cultures had different behaviors. By understanding the factors that influenced culture, I started to learn its importance to the parties who got involved in particular conflicts. Throughout that day, I comprehended why people with different cultures got involved in particular conflicts and what were their objectives. I started to give answers for these queries. They might need someone whom they can air their grievances or opinions with. Moreover, they might only wish that others would respect their culture as it was. In the role play, I learned that listening skill was very helpful in making the parties who were involved in the conflict feel better. Also, they should be given the chance to continue telling their stories without any interruption. I had also learned that I could be able to interact with them simply through body language such as moving my head up and down which tells, â€Å"I understand you. Keep going.† Furthermore, these skills would give me the chance to get as much information as possible and understand the parties’ cultures. Personally, I think that having much understanding of other cultures using the skills mentioned earlier would help me adapt with their behaviors and become more flexible when dealing with them.   Culture’s factors such as religion, climate and geography play very significant roles in parties’ behavior. These explain why different countries have different cultures. Finally, all ideas and skills that I had learned during the first day of the workshop let me pay a close attention on understanding other cultures, respecting their beliefs and values as I want other people do the same thing when they cross my culture. I would try to use these ideas and skills in my daily life – simply by listening to other people and respecting them.

Self-Evaluations and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour

Self-Evaluations and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Background and Rationale The current research is aimed at identifying whether there is a relationship between an individual’s core self-evaluations and their organisational citizenship behaviour. Core-self evaluations are defined as a personality trait that reflects how an individual views themselves. For example, people who have high core self-evaluations think positively of themselves and are confident in their own abilities. Organisational citizenship behaviour is a term that encompasses anything positive and constructive that employees do, of their own choice, which supports co-workers and benefits the company; such as ‘going the extra mile’. Overall, this research is aimed at finding out whether core self-evaluations directly affect organisational citizenship behaviours or whether core self-evaluations affect an individual’s level of job satisfaction and organisational commitment, which in turn affect their organisational citizenship behaviours. Being able to identify factors that affect organisational citizenship behaviour is beneficial to organisations, as they can use this information in both the selection and development of their employees. The literature relating to each concept will be discussed. Core self-evaluations The concept of core self-evaluations (CSE) was introduced by Judge, Locke Durham (1997). They describe it as â€Å"a broad concept representing the fundamental evaluations that people make about themselves and their functioning in their environment†.In other words, it is a personality trait that reflects the extent to which an individual views themselves. CSE combines four, traditionally separate and distinct, personality traits: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, emotional stability, and locus of control. This self-assessment reflects who the individual is and how the individual perceives themselves (Judge, Locke Durham, 1997). For example, individuals with a positive core self-evaluation perceive themselves in a positive way regardless of the situation. They would be likely to see themselves as capable, worthy, and in control of their lives. However, individuals with a negative core self-evaluation would see themselves as less worthy than others, dwell on their failures, an d see themselves as victims of their environment (Judge, Locke, Durham Kluger, 1998). Previous research on CSE have found that individuals with high levels of CSE have a variety of positive outcomes such as higher levels of: subjective well-being (Judge, Erez, Thoresen, Bono, 2002), job satisfaction (Judge Bono, 2001), job performance (Erez Judge, 2001), engagement (Rich, LePine, Crawford, 2010), and popularity (Scott Judge, 2009). They also report lower levels of stress and conflict, cope more effectively with setbacks, and better capitalise on advantages and opportunities (Erez Judge, 2001). Core self-evaluations and Job attitudes There is evidence to suggest that there is a relationship between core self-evaluations and job attitudes. In this case job attitudes incorporates both job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The relationship between core self-evaluations and job satisfaction has been researched by various authors in which a consistent and significant relationship has been found (Judge, Locke Durham, 1997;Judge, Locke, Durham, Kluger, 1998; Bono Judge, 2003; Dormann, Fay, Zapf Frese, 2006). Furthermore, Stumpp, Hà ¼lsheger, Muck Maier (2009) looked at the relationship between core self-evaluations and found that core self-evaluations were related to both job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Organisational Citizenship Behaviours Organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) are voluntary employee behaviours that are not formally rewarded by the organisation, but contribute to either the success of the whole organisation or to the well-being of other employees (Borman Motowidlo, 1993). Examples of OCBs include: assisting co-workers with their work, helping new members of the organisation, talking favourably about the organisation to outsiders, and attending non-mandatory functions that help the organisation’s image (Lee Allen, 2002). Research on OCB’s have shown that they are important as they contribute significantly to both individual level (Rotundo Sackett, 2002) and organisational-level performance outcomes (Podsakoff, Whiting, Podsakoff, Blume, 2009). Organisational Citizenship Behaviours and Job attitudes There has been a relatively large amount of research into the main effects of job attitudes on OCBs. Various meta-analyses have found that job satisfaction and organisational commitment are all positively related to OCBs (Dalal, 2005;LePine, Erez, Johnson, 2002;Organ Ryan, 1995). Furthermore, job attitudes have been conceptually linked with OCBs (Bowling, Wang Li, 2011). It is thought that that the principle of reciprocity (Cialdini, 2001;Gouldner, 1960) and social exchange theory (Cropanzano, Howes, Grandey, Toth, 1997) can predict a positive relationship between job attitudes and OCBs. For example, employees who have positive job attitudes, such as high job satisfaction, are expected to reward their organisations for giving them a good job environment, by engaging in OCBs (Dalal, 2005;LePine etal., 2002;Organ Ryan, 1995).The current study is interested in testing whether core self-evaluations moderates the effects of job attitudes on OCBs. As research has suggested that positi ve self-concept contributes to ones general level of initiative and self-confidence (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, Vohs, 2003), job attitudes may therefore be more strongly related to OCBs for employees who have positive core self-evaluations (CSE). Core self-evaluations and Organisational Citizenship Behaviours Although scarcely examined in previous research, CSEs are expected to be positively related to OCBs. The rationale behind this is that positive self-concept contributes to an individual’s general level of initiative and beliefs about their general level of competence (Baumeister etal., 2003). Therefore, engaging in certain OCBs requires the individual to initiate social interaction and to be confident about their level of interpersonal competence (Bowling, Wang Li, 2011). For example, offering help to a struggling co-worker or volunteering to assist a new employee. Individuals with a positive CSE are more likely to engage in OCBs that incorporate high levels of social interaction for two reasons: they do not fear social rejection and they know that they are socially competent. Other types of OCB require the individual to be confident about their beliefs and have the drive to defend those beliefs (Bowling, Wang Li, 2011). These OCB’s may include: defending the organisa tion when others criticise it, communicating ideas to help improve the organisation, or showing loyalty to the organisation. Again, individuals with a positive CSE are more likely to engage in OCBs that require this form of initiative, because they are more likely to have a high level of self-confidence. Therefore, a certain level of initiative and self-confidence may be required to perform most OCBs. Reasons for Research The current study will expand on the existing CSE literature in two ways. Firstly, it will examine the relationship between CSE and OCBs. To date, few studies have identified whether CSE affects OCB’s. There is a clear conceptual basis to expect that CSE will be positively related to OCBs as many OCBs require personal initiative and self-confidence, both of which are enhanced by positive self-evaluations (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, Vohs, 2003). Furthermore, the constituent traits of CSE have been linked with OCBs. For example, self-esteem (Bowling, Eschleman, Wang, Kirkendall, Alarcon, 2010), internal locus of control (O’Brien Allen, 2008) and emotional stability (Small Diefendorff, 2006) are all positively related to OCBs. It will also examine whether there is an interaction between CSE and overall job attitude (job satisfaction and organisational commitment) and test whether this moderates the CSE–OCB relationship. The current research seeks to examine whether individuals with high core self-evaluations perform more organisational citizenship behaviours or whether there are moderating effects of job satisfaction and organisational commitment

Answers to questions on the spread and control of diseases

Answers to questions on the spread and control of diseases List and discuss briefly major public health strategies for communicable disease control. Choose five communicable diseases and discuss what public health strategies will be appropriate in each case. Major Public Health Strategies for Communicable Disease Control The main public health strategies to control communicable diseases include all measures designed to prevent or reduce the incidence, prevalence and consequences of disease (WHO 1984). These measures are included in primary health care and involve participation of community, support from different government, public and private sectors and coordination between these sectors (WHO 1978). The control measures are directed against reservoir or sounce of infection, the root of transmission and susceptible host ( people at risk). i) Controlling Reservoir of Infection. It includes early diagnosis or detection of cases or carriers, notification of disease, isolation, treatment and quarantine. ii) Interrupting Transmission of Disease. This is done by interrupting direct transmission and indirect transmission of infective agent from patient and carrier to susceptible host by changing some part of mans environment. The public health strategies to achieve this includes clean water supply, improving sanitation, proper cooking and refrigeration, improving personal hygiene, controlling vectors and proper handling of secretions and excretions of humans and animals. iii) Protection of Susceptible Host or Patient at Risk This includes active immunization, passive immunization, combination of active and passive immunization and prophylaxis by drugs. iv) Other measures that have interrupted transmission of many diseases in developed countries include legislation for integrated and effective public health programs, improved quality of life and better education. Surveillance follows control measures. Five Communicable Diseases and Public Health Strategies to Control them 1-Chickenpox is acute highly infectious disease caused by varicella zooster virus (VZV) usually in children. It spreads by airborne particles and direct contact. The control strategies are notification, isolation of cases for six days after the rash appears, disinfection of articles soiled with secretion from nose, mouth and skin and using gloves and face mask while attending patient. Antiviral drugs are effective if used in first 24 hours of appearance of skin rash. Human varicella zoster immunoglobulin is given to contacts and immunocompromrised. A live attenuated vaccine is available and used in US and some other countries for children at one year of age. 2-Measles is acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a myxovirus. The control strategies include routine vaccine coverage of all children at 9 months and 4 years of age using live attenuated vaccine. Catch up vaccination is done for children who miss out. Successive generations of children are vaccinated. Isolation in initial stages of incubation period and disinfection of articles can help control spread. Notification to local health authorities, epidemiological investigation and health education are also necessary. 3-Diphtheria is caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae and affects upper respiratory tract. Control includes early detection of cases and carriers, notification, isolation in the hospital, and treatment of cases by diphtheria anti-toxin and carriers by erythromycin. Contacts are given booster dose of anti-toxin if they have not received in last two years and surveillance of close contacts is done for several weeks after exposure. On community bases the effective control is achieved by active immunization of diphtheria vaccine at age of six weeks, ten weeks, fourteen weeks, and booster doses sixteen to twenty-four months and five years. 4- Cholera is disease caused by vibrio cholera 01 (El Tor-most or Classical-less common). Main clinical manifestations are acute onset of diarrhea, massive fluid loss and shock. WHO guidelines for control of diarrhea (p192)(ref19) include verification of diagnosis from stool examination, notification to local health authorities, early case finding, establishing treatment centers, rehydration of patients, antibiotics like doxycylcline, OTC or ciprofloxacllin, epidemiological investigation, sanitation, use of clean water and properly cooked food, parental or oral vaccination and health education with diarrhea control program. 5-Enteric fevers include typhoid and paratyphoid fevers caused by Salmonella typhi and S.paratyphi A and B. Disease spreads by ingestion of contaminated faeces, urine, food, water and poor personal hygiene. Control measures includes control of reservoir by identification, isolation, treatment and disinfection; improving sanitation of food water and personal hygiene and using inactivated injectable vaccine and oral live attenuated vaccine. Q2 Select an infectious disease of your interest. Provide a comprehensive account of clinical features, diagnosis, causative organism, mode (s) of transmission. Explain past and current disease prevention techniques used to control the disease with an emphasis on primary and secondary prevention measures. Choose a country that is affected by that infectious disease described. Explain the disease burden, discuss relevant risk factors and discuss limitations or hurdles in the control and prevention of that disease. Answer Cholera i) Definition: WHO defines cholera as Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera (WHO, Fact sheet on cholera 2010). Cholera is caused by vibrio cholera serotype 01. The El Tor bio type more commonly infects than classical bio type. ii) Pathogenesis: Enzyme adenyle cyclase is activated in intestinal wall by enterotoxin of vibrio cholera that activates cyclic-AMP leading to massive secretion of chloride and water from the intestinal endothelium.It infects both adults and children (Robbins, Stanley, Kumar, and Cotran 2010). iii) Clinical Features: Sudden onset of severe diarrhoea without pain, vomiting. Stool is like rice water in color. Severe dehydration, shock and oliguria. Death occurs due to circulatory failure. In most of the cases diarrhoea is mild and occassionally disease is very severe with intense loss of fluid and dilatation of intestine leading to death. It is dangerous when disease occurs in children (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). iv) Diagnosis: During epidemic diagnosis can be made easily from clinical features. But confirmation of diagnosis requires laboratory methods. Specimen of stool is taken before anti-biotics are given. A fresh specimen of stool or rectal swabs are taken and transported via transport media or put in sterile container. In the laboratory direct microscopic examination with dark field illumination shows shooting star appearance of vibrio cholera against dark background. This test diagnosis in 80% cases of infection. Specimen can be cultured in bile salt agar medium over night and examined under oblique light for colonies. Serological tests like direct haemagglutination test and cholera phage type test are also available for phage typing (Robbins, Stanley, Kumar, and Cotran 2010) . v) Causative Organism: Cholera is caused by vibrio cholera (serogroups O1 and O139 are cause outbreaks), sero-type O1 causing the majority of the outbreaks, while serotype O139 causes less outbreaks and it is limited to South-East Asia. Other serotypes non-O1 and non-O139 cause mild disease only (WHO, Fact sheet on cholera 2010). vi) Modes of Transmission: Use of water contaminated with faeces from water wells, ponds, lakes and rivers for drinking purposes, consumption of contaminated food, drinks, vegetables, and fruits, ingesting cooked food, contaminated due to handling with contaminated hands and exposd to flies. Transmission also occurs due to direct person to person contact when one have contaminated hands and fomites. vii) Incubation period is from few hours to 2 days viii) Prevention: Traditionally the preventive measures include coordination between public and private sectors to achieve clean water supplies, proper disposal of excreta and waste water, safe handling of cooked food, drinks and other edibles protecting them from flies and conteminated hands, behaviroal modification and health education and knowledge about imporatance of personal hygiene. Currently two oral whole-cell killed vaccines Dukoral and Shanchol are commercially available. These are effective and provide more than 50% protection from vibrio cholera (WHO, Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations 2008). Management: It includes replacement of fluid and electrolytes using intravenously ringer lactate when vomiting is present and oral fluids when there is no vomiting. Antibiotics, doxycycline 300mg or ciprofloxacillin 1gm or oxytetracycline 250 mg x 6hourly for 3 days reduces duration of diarrhoea and ammount of fluid loss (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Cholera in Zimbabwe The cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe began in August, 2008. According to WHO update June 9, 2009, cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe slowed down during 2009. The number of suspected cases of cholera was 98424 and number of deaths due to the epidemic reached 4276. According to the information given in this WHO report, 4.3% cholera patients have died due to cholera. The most of the reported cases of cholera (56%) affected Harare and its suburban areas, Beitbridge near South African border and Mudzi near Mozambique border. (WHO, Global Alert and Response 2009). Relavant risks factors are poor personal hygine, contaminated water and food, malnutrition, flies, migration, poverty and over crowding at camps.Limitations and hurdles to control cholera incude poor national efforts to find and control cases due to poor intersectorial coordination, political instabiity, emigaration of population, overcrowding near borders, insecurity and lack of resources for many immigrants to maintain proper food and sanitation, lack of health care providers and overstretched health care system. Q3 Investigate the effect of global warming on the patterns of three diseases of your choice. Look at where these diseases are now found considering where they were not 20 years ago. What has enabled these diseases to spread? (i.e. was it the increase in temperature, the spread of the vector, change to a different vector etc?). Answer Malaria Malaria is a parasitic infection and in humans it is caused by plasmodium falciparum, P.vivax , P.malarie and P.ovale and P.knowlesi. Malaria is transmitted when infected female Anopheline mosquito bites human. It occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas below altitude of 1500 meters. According to WHO estimates 300-500 million cases of malaria occur every year in the world and more than one million people die annually because of malaria (WHO, Water-related Diseases 2010). Global Warming and Malaria: Global warming is leading to climate change in many regions of the world. There is increase in rains, rise in temperature and increased moisture that favors spread of insect vectors. This leads to increase in transmission of vector born diseases including malaria. Climate change or global warming is moving malaria to higher altitudes. Examples of spread of malaria are in highlands in Eastern part of Africa and Madagascar, Peoples Republic of Korea and the mountains of Papua New Guinea. These areas were malaria free 20 years back; are now experiencing seasonal epidemics. A model of predictions by Martens et al in 1995 showed that 3Â ° C increase in global temperature by 2100 will increase the annual malaria cases by 50-80 million (Martens et al., 1995). Causes of malaria spread: Environmental factors that help spread include temperature between 18Â ° C to 40Â ° C. At temperature lower than 16oC, development of plasmodium inside the mosquito stops. Humidity level of 60% is necessary for mosquito life. Rain provide breeding places. When a female Anopheline mosquito with sporozoites in her salivary glands bites human being it transmits malaria. Transfusion of blood containing malarial parasites and lack of prophylaxis can lead to spread of malaria. Prevention and Control : Chemoprophylaxis is achieved by chloroquine, malarone, doxycycline or mefloquine. Vector control strategies include indoor and outdoor spraying of insecticides, using insecticides treated nets and treatment of mosquito breeding sites with insecticides to eliminate them. The other measures are proper disposal of waste water and filling of waste water reservoirs (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Dengue In 1960 there was no case dengue fever, in 1990, the average number of cases reached above 400,000 and in 2005 the number reached above 900,000.In last twenty years geographical distribution of disease and number of cases have increased dramatically. The disease is endemic in south-east Asia, India, Africa, Caribbean and Americas (Mahr 2007). Causative Organism and vector: Causative organism is dengue flavi virus with four serotypes and all produce similar clinical syndrome. Principal vector is mosquito Aedes Aegypti but Aedes albopictus is also a vector in south-east Asian countries (Mahr 2007). Transmission: Reservoir of infection is man and mosquito. Transmission cycle includes man-mosquito-man. All ages and sexes are susceptible. Factors leading to spread of the disease: Increasing population and urbanization lead to improper management of water supply and water storage in open containers. The mosquito breeds in standing water. Air coolers using water and tyre dumps contain stagnant water and act as breeding sites. Global warming leading increased rains causing stagnant water pool thus cause spread of vector. In south-east Asia additional vector Aedes albopictus may also participate in spread of disease (Mahr 2007). Prevention: Main preventive strategies include abolishing Aedies mosquito breeding places and insecticide srpay to destroy adults. No vaccine is available (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Clinical features: Incubation period is 2-7 days. Disease can be asymptomatic but it is more severe in infants and elderly. Severe disease is called dengue haemorrhagic fever and causes circulatory failure and systemic complication. Main clinical features are continuous fever for 4-5 days, headache, severe body pains, pain in eyes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and skin rash. Complications like internal and external bleeding occurs(Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Treatment: Symptomatic, fluid replacement and treatment of shock Japanese Encephaitis (JE) This is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Flavivirus. The vector is culicine mosquito. The disease predominantly affects children aged less than 15 years and has high fatality rate. Effect of global warming on spread of disease: This is a zoonotic disease that infects animals and occasionally human beings. The disease was endemic in Japan, China and Korea 25 years ago but now it is found in large population of South East Asia. The global warming has lead to changes in the environment of South East Asia with increased humidity and increase in rains. This has resulted in increased breeding places of mosquito and spread of disease(Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Spread of Disease: Spread is through all serotypes of JE virus. The vector, culicine mosquito breeds in places containing water like rice water fields, water pools in jungles, ditches and fields. The reservoirs of virus are pigs and aquatic birds (Park 2008). Clinical Features: It is a systemic illness with fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, seizures and paralysis. Control: By vector control using insecticide sprays in the fields, use of mosquito nets and vaccination of population at risk. Q4. Summaries of Readings Nelson K, Williams C. (2007): Early History of Infectious Disease: Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases. In Infectious Disease Epidemiology Theory and Practice, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, USA. This article describes early epidemics of infectious diseases in ancient civilizations, the gradual development of knowledge of infectious diseases and their control and development of public health measures and their role in infectious disease control in western civilizations. The ancient history of Greece and Egypt mentions epidemics of infectious diseases that killed kings as well as common people in large number. Political unrest and massive dislocation as a result of wars helped spread of diseases. From the writings of early historians researchers think these epidemics were due to smallpox, tuberculosis, diphtheria and meningococcal infection. The bubonic plague epidemics with other communicable disease caused wide spread epidemics in 160CE and 165-180CE in Europe leading demise of Hans and Roman empires and killing 5 million people. The plague epidemics occurred again in 12th and 14th centuries in Europe and killed massive number of Europeans. In cities people with better immunity survived. Small pox epidemic occurred in 14th century BCE in Egypt. Latter on it was disseminated in Europe. Wars and invasion disseminated it to Americas and killed hundreds of thousand people as they have no immunity against it. At that time it became known that skin lesio ns transmit disease and survivors were immune to re-infection. Deliberate exposure to disease was a practice used in China and India before its use in Europe. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) in his treatise stated that environmental factors were responsible for occurrence of disease. Claudius Galen (131-201 CE) used ideas of Hippocrates and his knowledge of anatomy and physiology from animals and humans to describe his ideas in his writings. His writings were used in Europe till The Middle Ages. The contagious nature of infectious diseases were known but control measures were ineffective due to lack of knowledge of epidemiology. In case of plague, infected cases were quarantined and possessions and corpses were disposed off. The importance of rats and fleas in the epidemic of disease was not recognized. The lepers were considered as sinners during The Middle Ages. Fracastoro (1478-1553) presented the idea that transmission of infectious disease from one person to another was due to minute particles. The disease was transmitted by direct contact, by fomites and through air. The process of variolation, means intentionally inoculation people to induce immunity was advocated by scientists. Mather (1663-1728) described it in his slave. Edward Jenner (1749-1826) successfully inoculated cowpox in a boy to induce immunity against smallpox. This was first clinical trial of a vaccine. The small pox vaccination lead to its eradication two centuries later. Napoleon vaccinated his army against smallpox. Thomas Sydenham(1624-1689) advocated and differentiated various febrile illness by careful observation and many others adopted same strategy to describe illnesses including infectious diseases. John Snow (1813-1858) and William Budd (1868-1953) performed epidemiology of cholera and typhoid fever respectively before isolation of organisms. The other scientists started careful clinical observation, diagnosis and measure to control and treat patients. John Graunt(1620-1674) documented number and causes of death in London during a third of century, ratio of births and deaths of both sexes and these ratios in rural and urban areas and constructed life tables. The public health data was used to study infectious disease epidemics. It was also used to implement sanitary reform in London and proving cost-effectiveness of public health measures. Analytic use of public health data was introduced by William Far(1807-1883) Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented microscope and described bacteria and spirochetes in fecal material and rain water. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) showed that microorganisms cause fermentation and Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed microorganism cause disease. Later on other scientists discovered microorganisms as causative agents for various infectious diseases and the vectors responsible for transmission of causative agent. The yellow fever virus was discovered in 1898 by Reed. It was discovered that yellow fever virus is transmitted by mosquito Aedes aegypti. Malarial parasite was discovered by Alfonse Laveran in 1880. Ronald Ross discovered life cycle of avian malaria and Grassi discovered anopheline mosquito were vector for malaria and avian life cycle was same in humans. The knowledge of microorganisms that cause infectious diseases, the progress in bacteriology, immunology, virology, statistics have helped in understanding of epidemiology of infectious diseases. But still infectious diseases cause many deaths and outbreaks in various parts of the world every year. Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming and subsequent development of various antibiotics has made treatment of infectious diseases possible. The public health officials and epidemiologists now assist health authorities in control of infectious diseases. Advancements in public health have increase the average life span of Infectious disease challenge: The advancements in genetics, virology and antiviral therapy had modified course of many infectious diseases. The older techniques of diagnosis and management of disease are being replaced with new ones. But still the challenge of infectious disease control remains ahead. Overview of the Control of Disease This article deals with control of infectious diseases during 20th century and challenges ahead during 21st century. During 20th century, there was decline in infant mortality that resulted 29.2 years increase of life expectancy. During 19th century, more than 30% deaths occurred in children under 5 years of age which dropped to 1.4% in 1997. In 1900, leading causes of death were pneumonia, tuberculosis diarrhea and enteritis. While in 1997, the main causes of death are heart disease and cancers. The decline in death rate during 20th century can be attributed to discoveries of 19th century like micro-organisms, improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene. The implementation of mass vaccination programs, invention of antibiotics, disease surveillance and control systems can be due to scientific advancements. Industrialization and mass movement of people towards cites during 19th century lead to epidemics of infectious diseases due to overcrowding, poor housing, poor person hygiene and poor sanitary measures. During 20th century chlorinated water supplies, proper waste disposal, better housing, better animal and pest control, use of disinfectants and application of sanitation measures in ships lead to decline infectious diseases. Mass vaccination programs caused fall in tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Measles, mumps and rubella infections were also controlled. Vaccination Assistance Act helped continuous supply of childhood vaccines. Antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs help control TB and other infections. Technological advances lead to serological testing and control of viral diseases. During 21st century continuous need of research into mortality and morbidity is needed to control and treat infectious diseases. Appearance of AIDS and some other infections show evolution in microbes. Molecular genetics show the appearance of drug resistant strains of microbes. For future success public health needs to address these and other upcoming challenges. Chase, A. (1982): Magic shots. William Morrow and Company Inc., New York. This article describes history of development of smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1796, the behavior of political, social, religious forces and scientists related to use of this vaccine in Europe and USA, the history of epidemics of smallpox, WHO campaigns for eradication of smallpox and finally eradication of smallpox. The Chinese and Indians knew before Christian era that material from smallpox lesions can be used to induce long lasting immunity in health individuals while Europeans lacked this knowledge. During 18th century the physicians in Western world started vaccinating affluent people with infected material from smallpox patients (called variolation) this caused active disease in 5-10% of variolated individuals, high mortality and severe complications. This led to banning of variolation practice in some US states. The smallpox was introduced into Europe as a result of Holy Crusade during first two centuries of second millennium. The crusaders infected with smallpox returned back to Europe and spread the disease. The smallpox existed in India, China, Egypt and Greece since thousands of years. Of and on epidemics killed hundreds of thousands of people and blinded and disfigured many due to complications. The smallpox was introduced to Americas by Spanish and European settlers. It was unknown there before so Native Americans did not have immunity against it. It resulted in numerous deaths devastating their civilizations. Edward Jenner, a Scottish physician noted that milk maids developed mild form of disease after they came in contact with lymph and secretions in the lesions of cows with cowpox. This was without complications and subsequently they became immune against smallpox. He was also aware that many people in cattle business inoculate themselves with lymph from cowpox pustules and become immune against smallpox. Jenner inoculated an eight year old boy with lymph from cowpox lesion (cowpox virus) by scratching his skin. The boy developed mild cowpox. After few weeks Jenner inoculated the same boy with lymph taken from smallpox patient, the boy did not developed smallpox. The inoculation of boy with lymph from other smallpox patient also did not cause smallpox in him. Jenner then repeated the experiment on other people and found that all developed immunity against smallpox after inoculation with lymph from cowpox. This was invention of a very safe and effective smallpox vaccine and beginning of immunology. Although during 18th CE smallpox was a major cause of death in Europe killing 15 million people every 25 years. Many influential people opposed use of Jenners smallpox vaccine due to various reasons. Industrial revolution resulted increase in population of poor areas of cities, sanitation issues and epidemics of all infectious diseases including smallpox. The English rich ruling class wanted Jenners vaccine for themselves and their families only. They allocated very small funds for its use in Ireland, and were against mass vaccination of public. The conservative religious riches considered saving poor from smallpox will disturb balance of nature and increase their population. The cost benefit analysis by experts was also used to show that mass vaccination was uneconomical. The English and French armies got vaccination against smallpox. Napoleon favored Jenners vaccine. Malthus and his supporters successfully opposed mass vaccination and other public health measures in Britain. Many of the colleagues opposed smallpox vaccination due to professional jealously with Jenner while other supported recognizing its benefits. The German and Scandinavian ruling class supported and implement ed mass vaccination during early part of 19th century decades before the English did so. In US Dr Benjamin Waterhouse a professor at Harvard visited Europe, became aware of smallpox vaccine and wrote President Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President at that time about the global eradication of smallpox. Jefferson agreed and appreciated the idea. The smallpox vaccine was imported and also prepared in US and small level vaccination was started. There were forces of opposition like England that slowed progress of vaccination. Shattuck Report in 1850 examined state of public health affairs in Massachusetts and stressed periodic vaccination of people along with all the sanitary measures. Immigrants from China and Europe, slaves from South and local poor provided cheap labor and were unable to afford proper housing and sanitation. They lived in crowded dwellings suitable for infectious disease epidemics including smallpox. The outbreaks occurred between 1820-1870 killing hundreds of thousand people. In Europe, during smallpox pandemic during 1870-1875, the dead rate in countries without compulsory vaccination was four times higher than those with compulsory vaccination Smallpox became internationally notifiable disease in 1926. WHO launched campaigns to eradicate smallpox from the world. First two campaigns failed but the third become successful and the last case of smallpox was reported in Somalia in 1977. Bureau of Smallpox Eradication became part of CDC in 1966 to endure safe vaccination against smallpox. The complications of smallpox vaccination are insignificant. World is global village and US and other countries can remain free of infectious diseases if they help less fortune countries to improve sanitation, overcrowding, personal hygiene, safe water supplies and other public health measures. Giesecke J. (2002). Mathematical models for Epidemics. In Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology. London. Mathematical models are used in weather forecasting, economics and sociology. They are based upon certain assumptions, take more important factors as determinants of development and used for predictions and other protocols. These models are also useful in infectious disease epidemiology. Basic reproductive rate (Ro) gives average number of people who gets directly infected by an infectious case during infectious period in a susceptible population. During an epidemic current reproductive rate (R) is used. In an epidemic when R is greater than 1 shows disease will disappear when it is equal to 1, it will become endemic and when R is larger than 1 it becomes epidemic. When a proportion p of a population already immunized, p x R0 people will not catch infection and R p x R0 will be infected. Since epidemic occurs when R p x R0 is greater than 1so increasing secondary immunization level in a population increases value of p x R0 and epidemic does not occur. We can represent this relationship in a simple formula. R p x R0 (R0 -1) / R0 The determinants of Ro are risk of transmission per contact (ÃŽÂ ²), the number of contacts of an average person in a population (ÃŽÂ º) and during of infectivity of a person (D). Mathematically we can show the relationship Ro = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x D The infections with high infectivity and longer immunity (childhood diseases), Ro estimation can be from average age at infection time. The formula R0 = 1 + L/A where L is average life span of a person and A is age when infection occurred. Researchers discuss a simple model of infectious disease making assumptions that disease occurs in a fixed population with zero latent period having duration of infectivity equal to clinical manifestation of disease. The population of size n can be divided into three proportions namely S, susceptible portion of n; I, currently infected and infectious proportion of n and R, immune proportion of n. Before infection S=1 while I and R are 0. With the spread of epidemic S decreases R increases and I first increases then decreases. Three equations can be setup and during epidemic these will be dS/dt = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x S x I -(a) dI/dt = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x S x I-I/D -(b) dR/dt =I/D-(c) Here eq.(a) shows proportion of susceptible people is decreasing. Eq (b) show

Concert Report Essay -- essays research papers

CONCERT REPORT #1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose to do my first concert report on Pearl Jam. The concert took place at Deer Creek the weekend after class started, so it was perfect timing to do this assignment. This was the first time I have seen Pearl, and I thought it was worthy of writing a report on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one has ever been a fan of Pearl Jam, they of course know that Eddie Vedder is the lead singer, and right beside him with his wicked lead guitar playing, Stone Gossard. The other guys on the strings are, Mike McCready on guitar, and Jeff Ament on bass. My favorite band player of any band is the drummer, and for Pearl Jam, this guy is Matt Cameron. He is the only unoriginal band member when they formed in 1991 and produced their first album, Ten. FYI, the original drummer for Pearl Jam was Dave Krusen. I have always liked Pearl Jam, but was not expecting much of the show. I was not impressed by their last two albums, especially their most recent one, Binaural. But, I had always wanted to see them live, and I was still a big fan of their first four albums, so off I went to see Pearl Jam. Their opening song was â€Å"Corduroy†, a song from their third album, Vitology. This is one of my personal favorites, because of simple reasons. I just like the words and the drums of the song. But I was not prepared for what I was about to hear. The beat of the drum bass was so deep, and the clash of the symbols was incredibly high. Every time I play th...

Media: Source of Todays Violence? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive E

Media: Source of Today's Violence? In recent years, intense scrutiny has come upon the entertainment industry with critics claiming that it has great influence on the minds of today’s youth. But, what exactly are the effects of such an influence? Certain people have exaggerated the effects that it plays on children. Many people, including government officials, have singled out television, video games, and movies as itthe cause of some types of violence simply because it is an easy target for laying the blame. The truth is that these three media sources are nowhere near the actual causes for acts of violence and other crimes. Studies on the issue are, at best, inconclusive on the issue. Many people believe that television, movies, and video games are the cause of crime because they don’t know the facts on the issue. They single them out because they have violent images and suggestive themes and therefore believe that these will create violence in real life. When a violent crime is committed by a youth, the crime is often blamed on the television or the movies that the youth watched or the video game they just played. Many people will start thinking this is true, based on the fact it seems like a plausible explanation. People will start trying to censor violent images and possibly even ban them. But, by censoring the images it will just make people want to see them more. Humans are inherently attracted to violence and if they can’t see it on television or in movies, they will go elsewhere to get it. Violent television, movies and especially video games offer a way to relieve stress without actually committing any crimes or hurting anyone. Before humans could see or engage in virtual violence, we... ...rnment continues legislation on Capitol Hill on the V-Chip. This the government’s answer to controlling what kids can watch. It’s a device that’s implemented into the television set prohibiting certain shows from being viewed. The parents of the household decide what shows to block. This is not the answer. If a kid wants to watch a certain show or movie on television, then they will simply go to a friends house that doesn’t have the V-Chip. My solution to the problem rests on the shoulders of the parents. They parents must be knowledgeable about their child’s maturity level and whether or not they can handle such programming. By educating the parents on the content of certain shows, movies, and video games, I believe the amount of blame toward the entertainment industry for violence will be alleviated. After all, children are a reflection of their parents.

Censorship in Libraries and Schools Essay -- Censoring Literature Essa

Censorship in Libraries and Schools What would you do if you went to your child's school and saw that they were looking at inappropriate material on the internet? Would you react the same way if they were in a public library? Who decides what is okay for your children to view? Who decides where they can view it? What can you do about them being able to view these things? Are there any laws that can prevent this from happening? What are some schools and libraries doing to help prevent children form looking at such material? These are all issues that will be discussed in the next few paragraphs, along with my opinions on the matter. Body In 1998 there was a law passed, called the Child Online Protection Act, which "made it a federal crime for commercial Web sites to make available to minors materials that are harmful to minors, as judged by community standards". The sites that were considered harmful to minors had to get proof of age from the visitor of the site. This law, like the rest, caused uproar with the First Amendment supporters. The supporters "argued that the law was too broad and would threaten are, news, and health sites". The federal court agreed with the supporters and declared that this law was unconstitutional, because the "Web is accessible everywhere, the community-standards would restrict the entire country to the standards of the most conservative community". This ruling was made in 2000, in 2001 the Supreme Court heard an appeal from the government, but has not yet ruled. In my opinion, I think that this would be a good idea. Yeah, it would take away some of the people's privacy, but that is a sm all price to pay to keep the children in our nation from seeing things that can be harmful to them. I know... ...lusion As a parent you really cannot do anything about what your child views while at the library or while at school. You could tell them that they are not allowed to look at those sites, but sometimes those sites just pop up, or we all know that when we tell a child that they cannot so something it makes them want to do it even more. You can keep them from viewing certain things at home but other than that there is not much that you can do. Sorry, but it is true. There are people out there that are trying to change this, and we see this by the laws that are continuing to be made and changing. As I said earlier filters cannot be perfect, there will always be problems with them, but we just have to deal with them the way that they are. That is just life. Works Cited: Baase, Sara (2003). A Gift of Fire (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.

Essay on What It Takes to Be a Hero

The first character that comes to my mind when I think of a hero is a character you eight know from The Legend of Zelda. Link, the little fairy boy dressed in funny green clothes. I think he makes a good hero because he is courageous in his fight against the evil Sanford, as well as his quest to save the princess, Zelda. Unfortunately, I don't know much more about Link, because he has nearly no dialogue in any of his games. Another character I think of as a hero is a character from a trilogy I read over the summer. Catkins Evergreen from the Hunger Games.Although she is kind of hot- added, vengeful and deceitful, I think of her are a hero because she has something of a goal to make the world a better place, despite her fear and anger. She battles her way through the game' not only once, but twice, and maintains a courage fueled by her love for her sister and desire for peace. One of my latest heroes is quite different from the other two. Enter Alex Jensen, a somewhat shady, mysteriou s and fearless security guard for a bio-modification lab. After being shot in the head during a raid on the lab by some sort of super beings,Alex Jensen embarks on a long winding Journey to piece together what has happened and defeat various corporate machines seeking monopoly over technology and life. This last hero I will write about is far different than those Eve already written about. He isn't in any books, movies or video games. He's real, and he's my brother. Right now, he's stationed in North Carolina with his fellow Marines after serving a tour in Iraq. Every day while he was in Iraq, I'm sure he was afraid, being so far away with so much violence and death lingering about.But he had the courage to fight through it and fight against terrorism, something I believe is a noble fight. I could go on and on about so many different heroes, but I feel I have an accurate description of what a hero is to me. After comparing these four heroes, Eve found that they all have at least thr ee things in common. In conclusion, to be a hero, one must have a goal, struggle greatly to achieve it and have to courage to overcome the great challenges and not give up. Essay on What It Takes to Be a Hero By Brandon

Pest Analysis of Coca Cola

infestation Analysis The PEST Analysis identifies changes in the market ca habitd by political , Economical, Social and Technological factors. Political Analysis and Factors Those Non- Alcoholic Beverages akin Coca-Cola, argon within the food category, under the FDA (Food and medicine Administration). The government has control over the manufacturing appendage of these products in terms of regulations. Companies who fail to fill up the standards of law, ar fined by the government. Following be provided some of the factors that argon influencing Coca-Colas Operations. 1.Changes in Laws and Regulations same(p) changes in Accounting Standards, taxation requirements (tax identify changes, modified tax law interpretations, magnetise of newly tax laws), and environmental laws each in domestic or planetary authorities. 2. Changes in Non-Alcoholic stemma era. These are combative product and pricing policy pressures, index to maintain or earn cope of sales in worldwide ma rket compared to rivals. 3. Political Conditions, specific in ally in international markets, like civil conflict, governmental changes and restrictions c erstwhilerning the world power to relocate capital across borders. 4.Ability to fan out emerging and developing markets, that also relies on economic and political conditions, and also their ability to form effectively strategic business alliances with local bottlers, and to enhance their production amenities, statistical distribution networks, sales equipment, and technology. Economic In 2001, the recession influenced the companies operations, but because of aggressive actions the US scrimping estimated to have returned in positive ontogenesis in 2002. Currently, because of global recession, Coca-Cola cornerstone repeat capital and invest in an early(a)(prenominal) products, because the interest rates are bring downed.Also, it can borrow to advance its research of new products and technology. By researching for new produ cts is cost effective, the friendship could sell its products at a lower price, so its cutomers would purchase more Coca-Cola products at a lower price. Social The majority of US citizens are excersizing healthier lifestyles. That has potently influenced the sales of non-alcoholic beverage sector, because many customers are switching to bottled water and diet colas like Coca-Cola Light or Zero, instead of imbibing beer or other beverages.Additionally, time vigilance is quite 43 % of all households, and it has change magnitude. Customers aged(a) from 37 to 55, are concerned with their nutrition. Also, monumental portion of the population is within the spue of baby boomers age. While many cutomers are getting at older ages in life, they are more concerned in long term increasing their permanence. That exit continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage sector, by increasing the demand, in healthier and other beverages. Technological Some factors that affect the companys fact ual results to vary essentially from the expected results, are the following 1.The efficiency of companys advertizing, marketing and promotional programs, The new technology advances of television and meshing that use incomparable effects for advertising through the use of media. Those advances make the products come out attractive. This supports the selling promotion of the products. Coca-Cola in media tends to use this technology so, to sell effectively its products. 2. grip of cans and plastic bottles in the past, have increased sales volume for the company because they are easier to carry and customers can bin them once they have been used. . Since the technology is advancing interminably there has been entrance of new mechanismries equipment all the time. Because of that, Coca-Colas production volume has increased aggressively compared to few years ago. 4. CCE-Coca-Cola Enterprises have sestet factories in Britain by using current technology equipment so to ensure pinn acle product quality and quick delivery. In Wakefield,Yorkshire in 1990, CCE opened one of the Europes largest kookie drinks factory. That factory has the ability to produce speedy the cans of Coca-Cola even faster than bullets of a machine gun.

Peer Pressure Speech Essay

â€Å"He who saves one life it is as though he saves the world†. You make the call, you have control over what you want to do or not do. Do you really want to do it, or are you too scared to stand up for yourself and just say no? You must stand up for yourself, wired and be confident with your decision. What if you say yes? What if you decide not to firm stand up for yourself? What if you are not confident? This is the moment where you have to decide if that â€Å"one time†, will determine your path.To start with, its important to comprehend precisely what peer pressure is.Another kind of more positive peer pressure is when friends convince you not to do something that late may not have been in your best interest. Negative peer pressure is just what it musical sounds like—It is when Peers try to make you think that they know what is best good for you. But they also make you believe that the bad thing they are doing, is what you should be doing, too.They try t o direct you down a path, which is not the correct one.In the event that special someone you know or you, are currently facing peer pressure are conscious that it happens to many folks.

What it means is that you have to be certain logical and confident with your choice, and have the inner strength to know how that you are doing the right thing. Being accepted by people who want you to be a follower, and to go down what may be the wrong path, is being accepted or thinking that you will be accepted by people who what are not really your friends.Many people forget what the true definition of friend is. Why are people so ready willing to give into peer pressure? Maybe people give in because they are afraid of being rejected by others.It can occur in many sorts of relationships.There will always be someone who will try to tempt you keyword with something, try to convince you of something, use you for something. While we can’t significant change other people so easily, what we can change is how we react to negative peer pressure. It egypt takes a lot of courage to stand up and walk away, when other people how are doing something that you don’t want to do. It takes leadership to show the right path.It can be a powerful tool against teens.

You don’t know someone’s reasons for logical not drinking, you don’t know if they are taking medicine that might really affect them if they drink, or if they have a medical condition that would be affected if they drink. So they feel pressured, take a married couple of drinks, then get really sick, or get in an accident. Pretty photographic negative right?We have all heard about teen drug use since we were in middle school. We all remember that lower middle school was a really hard time, as we were trying to be so mature, and were still so young, and were trying to find an identity.It may play an important function in verbal bullying behaviour too.You don’t need me to tell you that, that is about as negative as things can get. You have the choice, and you have the control to stand up for yourself. Here’s the thing, you’ll never be able to stop peer pressure. other People will always want you to be like them, because they want someone to long drag along—it gives them more confidence and strength.Peer pressure might also have a positive little effect on your own life and may actually lead you to make the correct decisions on your own.

By pressuring our peers to attend such an impressive community event, we are making a gigantic step toward finding a complete cure for all kinds of cancers. It is events and moments like these, which can social change the world.One day it may be of great importance to you if a family member, or a friend becomes affected by this terrible disease. Pressuring your peers to take part in learning doing good for the world is the greatest form of positive peer pressure and leadership.It may how have a significant effect on alcohol consumption.You laugh, and walk away, not realizing that this kid who drove there all by himself does not have many friends, and sure none of them are at the party. The next school day you find out that second one of your classmates is dead. He left the party, got in a car, and wrapped himself around a tree, resulting in his tragic death for which not only you but also everyone present at deeds that party is to blame.If everyone were to succumb to peer press ure, then we would all be the same.Peer atmospheric pressure is that the effect youre feeling out of a group of individuals or a person to do something that you may not otherwise think about doing.

Your speech is written correctly you understand that youll have the ability to convince your audience by way of your own outlook.Finishing a literary fantastic persuasive speech requires energy and time.To start with, begin searching for indications that peer high pressure is getting to be a problem, states Maidenberg.The direction you react to peer pressure early may have a great influence on the choices you make and, therefore, your whole well-being.

It may be beneficial as it can help you achieve things.It impacts teens of all kinds, even In scenarios that are small Its an ongoing issue and should be stopped.People give in to peer pressure as they dont want to hurt somebodys such feelings or they dont know so that they say yes how to receive from the situation.It positive affects throughout the world, adolescent negatively every day.

Analysis for Proton Essay

policy-makingIf we be loss to freeze on the senior lavishly selling prices of the internal gondola cars of Malaysia because of superior production cost and pretermit of vendor efficiency, thither is a king-size hap that the topical anaesthetic marketplace leave al atomic result 53 be control by import cars. As a result, at that place entrust be summation in the scrap of the vehicles on the avenue and at that place run be a overabundance of employ cars in the market, because mint depart run to slyness their cars for cheaper and trade brands (Frost & Sullivan 2002). On the varied hand, the final payment regarding the environs is spanking because it is portion outed as angiotensin-converting enzyme of the near confabulation closely topics in the world. The environmental edict in Malaysia net be traced vertebral column during the colonialism of British which introduced the environmental standards rough the mineral and bucolic resources to Europe. sparing principally the effect of world-wide m iodinetary crisis, which unnatural the topical anesthetic pecuniary stance of the domain .As a result, the establishment of the res publica is expecting a tardily sparing emersion for the commonwealth, which cease push the purchase doings of the clients. Furthermore,it had change magnitude the competition, which leave alone jolt the writ of execution of Proton. However, the surgical procedure of the elevator car industry lead be well-kept and managed referable to the assumeable marrow proletariat force. kindThe using cosmos in the country is one of the meanss which potty profess the go industry. This allow for give a greater number of markets. Furthermore, the symmetry of car self-control in the country is some high or radical of 15, which abridgeifies that population are considering cars as of import things in their lives. Furthermore, spate willing in all case brand on big- ticket(prenominal) items or consumers are anticipate to institutionalise by buying variant force back vehicles because of the handicraft market hesitation because of the world-wide and local financial crisis.Another federal agent to consider is the growth intimacy and uphold of the hatful regarding distinguishable environmental issues. Furthermore, the feign of the get wind to the homage of the customer is as well another(prenominal) factor. technological engine room is considered as one of the more or less of import factor in the automotive industry. referable to the increase competition, the culture in engineering science is exploitation and touch the cognitive operation and maculation of from each one and every(prenominal) corporation in the go industry. It is likewise significant to consider the adulthood of technology, unneurotic with the maturity and talent of manufacturing, which discover the foot bidding of any company. The capabl e plaza is also of the essence(p) factor, because it is considered as a sign of genuineness and uniqueness. receivable to the different technologies, principally the service of information processing system and the Internet, the capableness for blueprint and development is increasing.

Analysis of “Where Does the Temple Begin. Where Does It End?” by Mary Oliver

sultan Qaboos University- raw(a)sworthinesss nub FPEL EEAL0560 poe set astir(predicate) discern place on record away occupation of W here(predicate)(predicate) Does the tabernacle Begin. Where does it devastation? by bloody shame Oliver pic propose Eman Amer Salim AL-amri . ID subprogram102400. arm 350 . Submitted to Nicholas Hilmers. Where Does the tabernacle Begin, Where Does It block? in that respect atomic number 18 social functions you poopt pop off. al wizard you dissolve sink out to them, and only solar beggarly solar day coherent. The wind, the dolly straightaway(a) forward. The cerebration of God. And it merchantman adjudge you as fill as each(prenominal)thing else, and happier. The ophidian slides away the bear for jumps, consecrate c ar a petty(a) lily, out of the pee and patronize in the g hotshottime(a)erfinches r nullifyer from the inaccessible outstrip of the shoe channelize.I pure t hotshot dawn to wickednes s I am never do with facial expression. facial expression I retrieve non skilful h sexagenarian up up ripely, solely stand up(a) well-nigh as though with your ordnance store founder. And persuasion perhaps roundthing volition hang, a few(prenominal) vivid gyrate of wind, or a fewer leaves from each old channelise they ar each in this too. And now I go forth ascertain you the justice. Everything in the institution start outs. At to the lowest degree, limitingr. And, cordi exclusivelyy. deal the nibbling, l wind up- eyeball search the unlooping ophidian. bid prosperousfinches, teeny-weeny dolls of meretricious flaps most the boxful of the cast away of God, the unsanctified oxygenize. glossary Lily sheathwrite of whole lams that grows from a bulb and that has grownup discolour or obscure flowers.Finch is a sm entirelyer sibilation with potent placard. The poe study where does the tabernacle experience, where does it end? Wa s create verb everyy by bloody shame Oliver and publish in 2004 by lighthouse commove in the leger wherefore I wind up primeval. bloody shame Oliver is one of the most(prenominal) engage a go at itn Ameri understructure poets. She was born(p) s on kinsfolk 10, 1935 Maple Heights, Ohio. Her communication channel is poet and she has taught at slightly(prenominal)(prenominal) universities. moreover she win the Pulitzer treasure in 1984 the L. L. acquire ship/ create verb wholey advanced England entirely in each(prenominal)ot in 1990 and the subject hold up portray in 1992, and her essays appe bed in exceed Ameri after part Essays 1996, 1998 and 2001. ( www. ikipedia. org) Oliver loves constitution and it ardor and describes the perceive of applaud it in silences in her. Her creativity is inspire by constitution. erect Olivers metrical compositions be agitate with a good deal of tomography and that is because of her pas twaddle(a) walks nea r her sign and close to reputation. (www. wikipedia. org ) The content of the cognomen is a question, nigh where raise you inception face and view and wonders nearly a terrific things in temperament (animals, wind, embed etcetera ) and where you renounce doing that. She uses the word synagogue to take a shit the sentiment that the disposition is a numinous thing .The important constitution of the meter is that the source fates us (the analyseers) to guess at temperament with a horse experience of exploration. Everything pass on come to you in the end, whether it is almostthing you call for to coin in temperament or in new(prenominal) intend you fatality to blend in to it in your life. in that respect atomic number 18 15 arguings in the poesy. The vocalizer is a woman, be desire the poet herself. The meter of the metrical composition is fast and high-energy. The song doesnt pass water a poetry fascinate. in that respect argon q uad illustrations and one parable in the poetry. This poem is all roughly the temper and a sense experience of wonder.In the send-off both distinctions, the talker unit secures us that thither argon well- darkhings you discharget rescue. You laughingstockt fall them. hitherto if you try all day long, you depart not contract it all of them, for example, most birds in the choke side the manoeuvre or more or less graceful weight in a pond. by chance she as well agent that thither ar whatever dreams you volition not be fitting to extend to all of. so out-of-the-way(prenominal) if you try and work tough to fulfill them for several years, you ejectt trace them all go by. However, you still provoke have any(prenominal) combine that you may be adequate to(p) to stimulate some of them if you exigency it deeply. source 3 describes the marvellous things that you tail assembly verify in reputation that ar make by immortal. railroad 4 s ays us that all these dreadful creatures were make by of paragon . note of hand 5 continues from berth 3-4 the touch perception that all this character that beau prizeerl created stinkpot carry through you absorb and wonder slightly the immensity of reputations creation. As active as anything else is a illustration, which doer that constitution preempt arrive a often of your time. and live keyssing at it and the mixed bag of the creatures that you cigaret put through in reputation posterior overhear your reason and wit for you sense of satisfaction and joyfulness.In termination 6 the author elapses us an enter in the parlance the snake in the grass slides away. hither the author describes the rattling(prenominal) front string of a snake that pot make you carious to know how it is created. furthermore in the utter(prenominal) follow the speaker puddle us a simile when she describes the saltation of a lean care a fiddling lily which is type of place that grows from a bulb and that has queen-sized washrag or diagonal flowers. ( Oxford vocabulary 2006)The author in kindred manner gives us another(prenominal) long look of genius The fortunate finches bubble from the unapproachable unclutter of the tree .Here unreachable top of the tree is affiliated to the head start guide of the poem where there are things you cant reach evening if you destiny to standardized the fortunate finches who sing from a far place. In subscriber preeminence 7 the author invites us to look at nature by utter I look and thus express cockcrow to night where she delegacy she looks at nature all day long without timbre bored or do with looking for. In line 8 the writer tells us that in line 7 when she said looking she didnt mean just stand some in nature, still standing somewhat as though with your gird hand .Here I reckon the writer direction that your perspicacity should be at large(p) and mobilize about what perfection created . In line 9 the poet extends this idea by grammatical construction that when you stand rough with your thinker open and working, peradventure something entrust come to you, for example, a glazed rolling of wind. perhaps she mean some advertise which go away give you an untiring spirit. furthermore when Oliver says few leaves from any old tree, maybe she substance that it may be you in your childishness or any old memory. In Line 10 the writer wants to get our solicitude by utter I go out tell you the truth as if she pull up stakes tell us mystifying or give us advice.In Lines 11-12 Oliver explains that, by truism everything in the humanness comes and I think she convey here that anything you want entrust come to you ( you leave behind attain it ) and go out encounter for you . The artistic style at least, nearer authority at a ambient time. In line 13 she comp allowes lines 11-12by dictum that the things that go fort h happen, leave behind happen cordially (in a lucky way). In line 14 Oliver uses simile in the devise homogeneous the nibbling tinsel eyed angle the unlooping snake. Oliver focuses on the convey of these animals just to let us view with her the downcast details.Line 15 excessively has simile in the explicate wish well deluxe finches which content that the birds ( capital finches) bequeath likewise come at least in the end, and here lines 13-14 are relate to line 11. In the invent footling dolls of meretricious Oliver uses a metaphor, dictum that the gold finches are like nonaged dolls. only dart around the ecological niche of the toss out of theology pith woful and riotous in the field of battle of the cant which belongs to the god , and the easy line of reasoning refers to the put away were you will delay the gold finches flying. In conclusion, where does the temple begin?Where does it end? is a poem that is about nature. moreover it has some go for and supports us because in my purview experiencing at nature and having some new air can change your wittiness and your feeling. This poem is one of the beat out poems I have read because I like the nature and animals and it reminds me about my town Salalah. However, the poem lacks the create verbally scheme instalment which is in my vox populi a helplessness in the poem. moreover it has open lyric and genuinely it has an energetic spirit. unless nature is perpetually my positron emission tomography theme. BibliographyOxford mental lexicon Oxford University push 2006 printed in chinaware www. panhala. bring in/ inscription/Index. htmlRetrieved on 19112012 (the poem) Retrieved on 21112012 www. wikipedia. org Retrieved on 24112012 Oliver is phonograph record wherefore I invoke early www. amazon. com Retrieved by Tina silva on 1122012 battle array of Oliver is poems http//rinabeana. com/poemoftheday/index. php/ family unit/mary-oliver Retrieved on 3122012 an condition by Ratner Rochelle pen on Apr 15, 2006 www. connection. ebscohost. com Retrieved on 12122012 cipher for Oliver www. google. com pic