The Four Main Sources Of Islamic Law Religion Essay

The Four Main Sources Of Islamic Law Religion Essay crimp This chapter deals with the four main ascendants of Islamic Law. Its goal is to introduce some(prenominal) of the prevailing concepts of Islamic thought and to analyse the different disciplines and opinions that shape the practice of Islam today. It is known that on that point atomic number 18 four Muslim schools of thoughts. However, each differs in their interpretations . The primary lines, accepted universally by all Muslims, are the book of account and the hadith. It is however, in fields that they are silent that the secondary sources are to be utilise, thus the Ijma (consensus of opinion of scholars) and the Qiyas(laws derived through analogical deduction -analogy).IntroductionIn the eighth century, a difference in legal approach arose amongst Islamic thinkers in two prevailing schools of thought. The usagealists (ahl al-hadith) relied solely on the Quran and the Sunnah (traditions) of the prophesier as the only valid sources for jurisprudence, emanating from Medina. The non traditional approach (ahl al-ray) relied on the free use of reasoning and opinion in the absence of authoritative ahadith, heralded in iraq .The difference in technique is because in Medina, thither was an anundance of reliable ahadith that scholars could depend from, since the prophet lived the 1o yrs of his life there. On the other hand, the non traditionalist jurists had to depend on analogy as the sources were not as reliable in Iraq. The jurists had therefore to decide which of the Prophets actions and decisions were religiously binding and which were a mere function of his personal discretion.In general, the traditionalists eventuallt lent legislative significance to much of the Prophets decisions, where as the other school of thoughts tended to distinguish between the various roles that the Prophet played in his life.The sources of Islamic law was thus,Quran, Sunnah , ijma and qiyaThroughout history these sourc es wereused in descendind pronounce by muslim jurists in determining the legality of an issue. If the legality was not based on an graphic command in the account book, then the jurists would turn to the explicit commands in the hadith.Quran is the religious text of Islam. It is believed to be the word of God transmitted through the Prophet Muhammad.1The Sunnah is considered to be the religious actions, quotations and approvals of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, which was narrated through his Companions and Shia Imams. The Quran and the Sunnah state clearly the course of action that a Muslim should follow.QuranThe Arabic word Quran is derived from the root qaraa, which mode to read or to recite. Quran is the holy book of Islam. Muslimsbelieve that the Quran is the last revelation of Allah, that is, the literal word of God, revealed to the ProphetMuhammad. The Quran was written and bear on during the life of Muhammad, and compiled soon after his death. The Quran consists of114sura hs(chapters) with over 6,000ayat,( meters). However the exact number of ayat is disputed due to different methods of counting.The Quran is the first and most great source of Islamic law. The scripture specifies the moral, philosophical, social, political andeconomicbasis on which a decree should be constructed.Muslim jurists agree that the Quran in its total is not a legal code kind of its purpose is to lay down a way of life which regulates mans relationship with others and God.The verses of the Quran are reason into three fields science of speculative theology, ethical principles and rules of human conduct. The third category is directly concerned with Islamic legal matters which contains about five degree centigrade verses or whizz thirteenth of it. The task of interpreting the Quran has led to various opinions and judgments. The interpretations of the verses by Muhammads companions for Sunnis andImamsfor Shias are considered the most authentic, since they knew why, where a nd on what occasion each verse was revealed.The sharia, foundations of Islamic law, are derived from verses from the Quran. The bulk of Quranic matter consists chiefly of broad, general moral directives as to what the aims and aspirations of Muslims should be, the ought of the Islamic religious ethic.The most important external aid used in interpreting the meanings of the Quran is theHadith the collection of Islamic traditions from which the details of early Islamic history are derived.The Shariah, foundatiosn of Islamic law, are derived from verses from the Quran. The Quran consists mainly of broad general moral directives that provide for the aims and objectives of a muslim. Essentially() because the directives are so broad, interpretation takes on a significant role, there flummox been so many another(prenominal) different interpretations of the quran, claims widely read and revered Islamic thinker Abdul Aala Maududi that there is hardly to be found any command with an agree interpretation.Nevertheless, the authenticity of quran has never been hesitationed by any muslim scholar or institution.Textual Criticism and the QuranHigher biblical criticism revolutionized Judaism and Christianity by calling into question long-held assumptions about the ocelluss of the Bible some ambitious textual critics are attempting to do the same for the Quran. They claim that parts of the Quran are based on stories of theTanakh(Hebrew Bible), thefresh Testamentof theChristianBible, and other non-canonical Christian works differences of the biblical to the Quranic versions suggest to some scholars that these stories were not taken directly from written texts but seem rather to have been part of the oral traditions of the Arab peninsula at Muhammads time. To Muslims, however, this explanation is topsy-turvy the non-canonical Jewish and Christian stories are simply further textual corruptions of an otherwise nearly disordered divine original reflected in the Quran.These cri tics also seek to find evidence of text evolution and transcription disputes in early Islam the results have been meager, but some have expressed hopes that recent discoveries of Quran Graveyards in Yemen will throw more light on the subject.Belief in the Qurans direct, uncorrupted divine origin is fundamental to Islam this of course entails believing that the Quran has neither errors nor inconsistencies. (This is the book in which there is no doubt, a guide to the believers Suratal-Baqarah, verse 2.) However, it is well-known that real chronologically later verses supersede earlier ones the banning of wine, for instance, was accomplished gradually rather than immediately and certain scholars have argued that some verses which discourage certain practices (for instance,polygamy) without banning them all should be understood as part of a similar process, though others argue that this contradicts This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My estimation upon you, a nd chosen for you Islam as your religion (5.3).As to the basic message of the Quran, there are three fundamental points, repeated and restated throughout the work. They are as follows this introduce physical life is a test the afterlife is certain our actions in this present life have consequences in the next.1.2 SunnahThe Sunnah is the second source of Islamic law. Sunnah is an Arabic word which means Method. It was applied by the Prophet Muhammad as a legal term to represent what he said, did and agreed to. Its authority is derived from the text of the Quran. The Quran says,For you the life of the Prophet is a model of behaviour(Al-Quran 3321)Many of books of traditions were compiled by the companions of the Prophet. These were later on incorporated in the great collections of Hadith (i.e. traditions) of Bukhari, Muslim etc. The collectors of the traditions adopted a very scientific system in collection the Traditions. They did not record any tradition except with the chain of na rrators. Every tradition gives the names of the last narrator of the tradition from whom he learnt the tradition and so on back to the Prophet or Companion of the Prophet. The Sunnah which is established through reliable narrators is fully dependable as legal element.The sunna of the Prophet generally means tradition and includes the succeeding(a) three categories sayings of the Prophet his deeds and his silent or tacit approval of certain acts which he had knowledge of. The record of the Prophets words and deeds were recorded in narrative ahadith, reports that were transmitted before finally being compiled in authoritative collections decades after the death of the Prophet.Muhammad brought the Quranic teachings ti life through his interpretation and implementation.The Quran and Sunnah are complementary. The meaning of the Quran is general in nature, the Sunnah makes it specific and particular. The Sunnah explains the instructions of the Quran. The Quranic injunction is sometimes i mplicit, the Sunnah makes it explicit by providing inhering ingredients and details.Ijma and Qiyas derive their value or authority from the Quran and the Sunnah. Therefore, they are called dependent sources.1.3 IjmaThe third source of law, Ijma or the consensus of scholars signifies the importance of delegated legislation to the Muslim community. The Muslim society requires such a rule making power to meet the practical problems for the implementation of Islamic Shariah (Islamic Law). Ijma has been technically defined as the consensus of the jurists of a certain period over a religious matter. Ijma is considered a sufficient evidence for action because the Prophet if Islam said, Muslim will never agree on a wrong matter. As such the agreement of the scholars of Islam on any religious matter is a source of law in Islam (Ref Principles of Islamic Jurispredence by M. Hashim Kamali).Ijma or unanimous agreementIjma constitutes the unanimous agreement of a group of jurists of a particula r age on a specific issue and constitutes the fourth and final source of law in Shafiis methodology. If questions arose about a Quranic interpretation or an issue where no there no guidance from either the Quran or sunna, jurists applied their own reasoning (ijtihad) to come to an interpretation. Through time, one interpretation would be accepted by more and more doctors of law. Looking back in time at the evolved consensus of the scholars, it could be concluded that an ijma of scholars had been reached on this issue. 8 Unfortunately, unanimous agreement rarely happened among intellectual elite and since there were always diverse opinions, one could always find several scholars of the day who concurred on an issue. Also, the definition of ijma and which ijma would be considered valid was a point of contention, because ijma is not simply the consensus of all past jurists. Besides, development the concept of ijma poses the problem of having to look to the past to solve the problems o f the future, and scholars of yesteryear didnt wrestle the same issues that are challenging Muslims today.1.4 Qiyas or analogyqiyas, is the fourth important source of Islamic law, is reasoning by analogy. In order to apply qiyas to similar cases, the reason or cause of the Islamic rule must be clear. For example, because the Quran clearly explains the reason that consumption of alcohol is prohibited (because it makes the user lose control of his actions), an analogy can be drawn to drugs which induce the same affect. barely because the Quran does not specifically state the reason why pork is prohibited, Muslims cannot justify banning another meat product with a similar cholesterol level, etc. The use of analogies greatly varied among scholars for example, Spains Ibn Hazm (10th century) who was formidable proponent of the Zahiri school, rejected the use of qiyas, whereas Imam Abu Hanifa of the Hanafi school (8th century) applied them extensively.Qiyas or analogy is resorted to in comply of problems about which there is no specific provision in the Quran or the Sunnah of the Prophet. In such issues, the scholars have derived law through analogical deduction on the basis of the provisions of the Quran and the Sunnah on some similar situation. The scholars have developed detailed principles of analogical deductions or Qiyas in the books of Islamic jurisprudence.Qiyas is a kind of Ijtihad. The Prophet has permitted Ijtihad which literally means to exert. Technically it means to exert with a view to form an independent judgement on a legal issue. Ijtihad is the Islamic method of facing the new situations and problems in the light of the general principles of the book of Allah SWT), the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet or the Sunnah.Apart from Qiyas, there are other methods of Ijtihad such as Istihsan (that is the juristic preference from different interpretations) and Masalaha (that is moral consideration).In addition to the above sources, the practices of the Khulafa-e-Rashidun (the first four rulers of Islam), the decisions of the judges and the customs duty of the people are also considered sources of Islamic law in matters which are not spelled out in the Quran and the Sunnah.ConclusionHowever the traditions of the prophet have been questioned for their authenticity. It was also debated as to what extent were the traditions religiously imperative(look for word). The use of analogies was greatly debated. Also there was little unanimous agreement among the Islamic scholars about the inexplicit issues.

Improving Primary Education In Rural Areas Education Essay

Improving Primary Education In Rural Areas Education EssayThere is no doubt that the need of improving the quality of primordial trains come outicularly in rural argonas is very urgent for government. One of the most promising solution is through utilization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In this idea we present our effort and work in improving the quality of aboriginal school teachers and the students accomplishment offshoot so that improves the quality of primary education. This work is part of our research project undertaken in Keerom Regency, Papua Province that is funded by Directorate General for Highly Education Ministry of subject area Education.Keywords rural digital nurture, primary school, teachers quality, students learning doINTRODUCTIONThe problem of national education quality has gained much attention recently. A major weakness in rural primary schools is the lack of subordinate teachers needed to deliver the lessons in a classroom, primarily in Math and Sciences. Field observations show that most primary school teachers have non-Math and Science screen background and they deliver these subjects in conventional ways. The result, students misunderstand many abstract concepts of Math and Sciences 1.The need of improving the quality of education for primary schools is urgently required, particularly for those in rural areas. In our recent studies, one of the most effective approaches to address this issue is by utilizing Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Studies in 5 reveal that ICT is a primaeval weapon in the war against world proverty in number critial areas including education, healtcare, government, trade, and small business support. Further, Teresa states that ICT-based solutions that work in develop countries privynot simply be transplanted to developing realm environments. The solutions must be based on an understanding of local needs and conditions.Through funding grant from Directora te General for Highly Education Ministry of National Education, ITB Research Center on Information and Communication applied science conducts a research program to improve the quality of primary school teachers and improve the students learning process so that improves the quality of primary education, particularly for those in rural areas in Indonesia. In this paper, we report our effort and work on progress in designing and implementing ICT-based environment and learning process for primary schools in Keerom-Papua.In the next section, we provide the overview of related work. In section 3, we describe our work on designing and implementing ICT-based environment and learning process for primary schools in Keerom-Papua. component 4 presents the challenges of deploying a digital learning system in rural area. Section 5 describes the conclusion of the research.RELATED WORKOur prior work in Research Center on Information and Communication Technology Bandung Institute of Technology s uggest that ICTs plays important role as an alternative for delivering learning programs in primary schools such as through virtual class application. We hope that these programs can address some issues in rural areas including the disparity of high quality teacher distribution and the existence of many hard-to-reach geographical locations.Recent studies reveal that the give of ICTs will offer some benefit in improving the quality of primary education. ICT can broaden information memory access needed by teachers and students as foundation for developing knowledge-based community of teachers and students, ICT can improve the efficiency of learning process as well as improve the teachers and students skills, and ICT can maintain go along and long life learning.Further, the use of ICTs for improving the teacherss quality and learning process is summarized as follows 1ICT for Teachers developing teacher community ne iirk, learning resource repositories, and teaching trump practices repositories.ICT for Class creating virtual class that will help teacher delivering the lesson.ICT for Laboratory consisting of virtual laboratory and sctructured computer lab.ICT for Students creating a condusive environtment for students self-learning.ICT for Community allowing the learning process to be delivered and conducted from anywhere and anytime (e.g. particularly from homes).Both of concepts of ICT for Teachers and ICT for Class have been implemented in a pilot project that was funded by ITB research grant 1. The project involves two primary schools in Subang (representing rural primary school whose teachers have little knowledge about using computer), two primary school in Bandung (representing urban school whose teachers are computer literate) and one primary school in Cianjur (representing a sub-urban school with modest knowledge of computer usage). Learn from our own experiences, we aim that model to be implemented in Keerom-Papua.IMPLEMENTATIONIn this paper, we pres ent our work last year in designing and implementing ICT-based environment and learning process for primary schools in Keerom-Papua. Actually, the system deployment consists of two main activities i) deployment of digital learning radix that is connecting all PC-based terminals and network devices through TCP/IP protocols and ii) deployment of digital learning programs that is providing several ICT-based learning applications and processes such as web-based teachers collaboration (ICT for Teachers) and virtual classroom (ICT for Class).WiFi-based InfrastructureThe pilot project in Keerom-Papua involves triple primary schools, as participants are SD Inpres I Arso 2, SD Inpres Arso 6, and SD Inpres Arso 7 and one secondary school as center of the community is SMAN Arso. Kantor Dinas Keerom is prepared for the future deployment. evade 1 shows the GPS-based survey from some locations.Table 1. The GPS-based surveyLocationLatitudeLongitudeAltitudeKantor Dinas KeeromS2.91E140.7769,1 mSD Inpres 1 Arso 2S2.91E140.7557.3 mSMAN 1 KeeromS2.87E140.7443.1 mSD Inpres Arso 6S2.83E140.7444.1 mSD Inpres Arso 7S2.77E140.7635.0 mThe deployment of digital learning infrastructure in Keeom-Papua is based on WiFi technology using star network topology 6. The topology is one of the most common computer network topologies that are choosen because of the ability to confiscate individual nodes in the maintenance and troubleshooting process. In that network, SMAN Arso acts as core node that is connected to SD Inpres I Arso 2, SD Inpres Arso 6, and SD Inpres Arso 7 directly using WiFi link as shown in Fig. 1.Figure 1. The mapping of some locations that will benetworked in Keerom-Papua YConsidering several benefits, SMAN 1 Arso is choosen as a core network (see Fig. 2). SMAN 1 Arso lies in the middle of three primary school offering simplicity to implement star network with the school as the center of the network. This school has Internet friendship to Jardiknas network provided by Min istry of National Education that will also provide Internet access for the participants. This school also has a computer teacher that is potentially grabbed as technical support for the sustainability operation of the digital learning infrastructure.Figure 2. The WiFi-based digital learning network usingstar topology in Keerom-Papua 3The infrastructure is consisting of PC-based terminals and some network devices. In SMAN 1 Arso, we locate some devices such as a PC-based router, a digital learning server, a wireless access point, an IP Phone, and outdoor WiFi devices. In each primary school, we locate a virtual class box, a notebook, a wireless access point, an IP Phone, and WiFi devices. All of these devices are used to provide some digital learning services including web-based teachers collaboration and virtual classroom.Digital Learning ProgramFrom the pentad approaches of improving the quality of primary education, we have been implementing ICT for Teachers and ICT for Class. We will ellaborate each of these scenarios in the following section.The concept of ICT for Teachers relates to the use of ICT for providing electronic services to teachers and experts. It requires an Internet-based networking of teachers and experts so that allowing them to interact temptress each other, to share learning resources and also teaching best practices 1. This concept is being implemented in a pilot project undertaken in Keerom-Papua involving three primary schools (SD Inpres I Arso 2, SD Inpres Arso 6, and SD Inpres Arso 7) and one secondary school (SMAN 1 Arso) 7. The participating schools are provided with PC/Laptop and software application as well as access to the Internet. With this infrastructure, a set of learning program are setup for teachers from participating schools. Similar to our pilot project in Bandung-Subang-Cianjur 1, among of them are chatting posing in a certain time where all participating teachers interact with each other online as well as online di scussion forum among teachers and experts (see Fig. 3).Figure 3. The WiFi-based digital learning network usingstar topology in Keerom-PapuaThe ICT for Class is implemented by providing a virtual classroom services for supporting blank space learning. The main idea is that ICT will be used to allow a teacher help teaching a class in different school without having to physically attend to that school, for example using a recorded multimedia (offline mode) or through multimedia streaming on the Internet (online mode) 1. Fig. 4 shows the diagram of online virtual classroom scheme through WiFi-based network in Keerom-Papua. In the online mode that uses teleconference and IP telephony system, a more interactive session can be conducted between students and remote teacher.Figure 4. Diagram of online virtual classroom scheme inKeerom-Papua 3CHALLENGESThe scenario for implementing ICTs in rural primary schools is difficult. Study by Misuraka show that there are a number of technological a nd human barries that treaten the utilization of ICTs, primarily in rural areas 4.Our prior study also reveals that there are number barriers in the deployment of digital learning system in Keerom-Papua including the limitation of electricity availability, the bottleneck of WiFi-based intranet in several network paths, inflexibility of digital learning applications, and the human barriers in system operation and maintenance. In the future, some research activities will be conducted to address those issues. To overcome the human barriers, a cabal of structured training and training-by-doing also will be conducted.CONCLUSIONWe have described our experiences last year in utilizing ICTs for improving the quality of primary school teachers and the students learning process so that improves the quality of primary education. A case study is undertaken in Keerom Regency, Papua Province. Today, the implementation of digital learning program is still in progress, particularly the implementat ion of ICT for Teachers and ICT for Class. Although the result of this research has not been conclusive yet, we believe that our research will be promising to address some quality issues of primary education, particularly in rural areas.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis research is partially supported by Directorate General for Highly Education Ministry of National Education and is conducted at Research Center on Information and Communication Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology.

Lesbian and Gay Couples Should be Allowed to Marry Essays -- Gay Marri

The freedom to get married is a basic human right that belongs to each individual--not the state. The political science should not be in the position of arranging our unifications,(Matt Coles). festive marriages are presently illegal in the United States. This prohibition is a blatant progress to of discrimination, carried forth through our legal system. No government should be able to prohibit anyone from legally declaring his or her love. Discrimination against a particular group of pack because of race, color or religion is prohibited by our nations constitution. However, homosexuals are denied basic human rights, not because of race, religion, or color, but because of sexual orientation. Our nation declares equality, liberty, and justice for all, spell prohibiting accomplished liberties to this specific group of people. Gay Americans are even denied the right to legally declare love, through civil marriage. Because of this prohibition, gays are not only denied t heir civil rights, but are denied many economic and legal benefits that married couples receive. Matt Coles, director of the American Civil Liberties Union Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, elaborates, Since we insist that couples marry to protect their most important relationship--or risk losing their homes, inheritances, even contact with their partners during medical emergencies--it is simply wrong to deny lesbians and gay couples the basic right to marry. Civil marriage is the right, in our society, to legally recognize the most intimate, committed relationships. It is also the institution our society uses to establish ranges of rights and responsibilities for life partners (American Civil Liberties Union Answers, June 1998). The government must translate that ... ...bian Magazine. Online. Netscape. 19 Jan. 2014. http//www.advocate.com Gay Marriage Should Lesbian and Gay Couples Be Allowed to Marry? American Civil Liberties Union. Online. June 2014. http//www.aclu .org/library/aagaymarriage.html Hawaii Sends Constitutional Amendment to Voters To Ban Lesbian and Gay Marriages. American Civil Liberties Union. Online. 29 Apr. 2014.http//www.aclu.org/issues/gay/gaymar.html Henslin, James M. Sociology, A Down To Earth Approach. Needleham Heights, MA Viacom. 2007. The Bride Wore Pink Legal Recognition of Our Relationships. Gay Lesbian Rights Lobby. Online. Feb. 2014.http//www.rainbow.net.au/glrl/discussion_papers/pnkbride.html Presidents relation on DOMA. Carnegie Mellon University Home Page. Online. 20 Sept. 2014.http//www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/scotts/ftp/wpaf2mc/clinton.html

Holens Breakdown :: essays papers

Holens BreakdownThis fall I think youre riding for- its a special(a) kind of fall, a horrible kind. The man falling isnt permitted to feel or hear himself hit the bottom. He just keeps falling and falling. The whole collections designed for men who, at some time or other in their lives, were looking for something their own environment couldnt supply them with. So they gave up looking. They gave it up before they ever really even got started.Holden Caulfields fall to psychological breakdown begins with his brother Allies death. To Holden, Allie represents everything that was good in this world. When Allie is introductory described, Holden barely says great things just about him. Youd have liked him... He was terrifically intelegent... He was the nicest (member of the family). Therefore when Allie dies, the good things in his world disappears. After this rootage major event, Holden gradually realizes that he is abilityless to change the evil and corrupt world that he lives in. Holden is looking for something that his own environment couldnt supply him, the only thing that he ever liked, Allie. Just because somebodys dead, you dont just stop liking them, for Gods sake- especially if they were about a thousand times nicer than the people you know thatre alive and all. another(prenominal) early event in Holdens life is the death of throng Castle. Holden sees himself as James in many ways. James would not take back what he said about a conceited boy, and jumped out of the window before he would do something that he did not believe in. Holden is the same in many ways. He refuses to accept the fact that the world is evil, and does everything in his power to change it. The mark of an immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of a mature one is that humbly for one.Another similarity between them both is that James was wearing Holdens sweater when he fell out of the window. As he saw James prevarication on the ground, Holden sees a part of himself die with him. The part that dies is the part that believes in the goodness of people and the world. Holdens tendency to get kicked out of schools is both a reason and effect of

Persuasive Essay: Suu Kyi Quote --

It is not power that obnubilates but upkeep. Fear of losing power corrupts those who have got it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it, said the political activist Aung Sang Suu Kyi in her Freedom from Fear speech. Power and fear are tools that corrupt those affected by them, either by using them or being used by them. This ideal has been repeated time and time again in literature as well as in current global situations. Conversely, there are also those who repeatedly move against the current of harsh, imposing leaders and make grand acts of heroism, avoiding the corrupted scourge of the powerful. Examples of this mixed concept can be found in The Crucible, The Scarlet Letter, Unchained Memories, and in modern-day happenings such(prenominal) as the crisis in Darfur. In The Scarlet Letter, many characters are unmasked to show corrupted sides of themselves. This corruption usually comes from self-inflicted torture, such as Dimmesdale and his need to p unish himself on the Q.T. while he remains in a position of power and respect in the community and church. Chillingworth lets himself grow steadily more corrupt as well and revels in the power he holds over Dimmesdale. He lets the power and appeal of revenge take over his entire self, fearing any kind of brio without that meaning. Chillingworth becomes a man who, finally seeing his own fear behind losing his power, lifted his hands with a look of horror, as if he had beheld some severe shape, which he could not recognize, usurping the place of his own image in a glass. It was one of those moments when a mans moral aspect is faithfully revealed to his learning abilitys eye (132). Chillingworth recognizes his own darkness, but he allows it to consume him without any search ... ... such as one woman who had to secretly walk to a refugee camp, without food or shelter, to escape with her daughter. She did not allow herself nor her child to be directly abused, though of course the Jan jaweed made a tremendous impact on their lives, terrifying them of returning home, Heroism and cowardice are often linked to strength and fear, as well as morality and power. When power becomes overbearing towards the batch affected by it, there is a natural fear reaction, either by those with power, who become afraid of losing what they have, and for others under that power for having it used against them. People who materialize ways to not allow themselves to become dirtied by their power or that of others create the presence of heroism. People who let themselves become manipulated by that power, or who wield that power immorally, become cowards and display weakness.

Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find and Good Country People

A veracious Man Is Hard To make and Good Country People are two short stories written by Flannery OConnor during her short lived writing career. Despite the literary achievements of OConnors works, she is a great deal criticized for the grotesqueness of her characters and endings of her short stories and novels. Her writings have been described as understated, orderly, unexperimental fiction, with a Southern backdrop and a Roman Catholic vision, in defiance, it would seem, of those brisk innovators who preceded her and who came into intumescence after her death(Friedman 4). A Good Man Is Hard To finger and Good Country People are both set in the South, and OConnor explores the tension between the old and new South. The stories are tow ironically twisted tales of different families whos lives are altered after trusting a stranger, scarce to be mislead. Each story explores the themes of Christian theology, new verses the old South, and fallen human nature. In A Good Man Is Hard To Find, OConnor introduces the reader to a family representative of the old and new Southern culture. The nanna represents the old South by the way in which she focuses on her appearnace, manners, and infidel refined behavior. OConnor writes her collars and cuffs were organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her deceased on the highway would know at once that she was a lady(OConnor 118). In this short story, the wild diproportion of the terms, the vapid composure that summons up the net abandon only to treat it as a rare social opportuinty, and the cool caustic remark with which OConnor presents the sentence makes it both fearful and ludicrous(Asals 132). The irony that OConnor uses points out the appalling characteristics of the grandmothers self-deception that her clothes make her a lady and turns it into a comic matter. Flannery OConnor goes to great distance to wee-wee the reader insight into the characters by describing their clothes and attitudes. The fact that the grandmother took so much time in preparing herself for the trip exemplifies the old Southern customs duty of self-presentation and self-pride. The grandmother takes pride in the way she presents herself because she wants everyone to know that she is a lady. Baileys, the grandsons, family repre... ...ition, she presents the reader with the differing generations of the old and new south, and she illustrates the contrasting views between the two. OConnor is not panicky to gesture Christian theology or the Southern culture. Her irony and satire add information to ther stories, and her deep cultural analysis of the South brings a higher(prenominal) aim to her writings. OConnor also explores the concept of fallen human nature and how it is brought about. Overall, OConnors works prove to be very in depth in both her social and cultural analysis of the South. She is not afraid to critique the society in which she grew up and lived. Works CitedAsals, Frederick. Flannery OConnor The Imagination of Extremity. Athens, gallium The University of atomic number 31 Press, 1982.Bleikstan, Andre. The Heresy of Flannery OConnor. Critical Essays on Flannery OConnor. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman and Beverly Lyon Clark. Boston G. K. Hall & Co., 1985.Friedman, Melvin J. Introduction. Critical Essays on Flannery OConnor. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman and Beverly Lyon Clark. Boston G. K. Hall & Co., 1985.OConnor, Flannery. The bring about Stories of Flannery OConnor. New York The Noonday Press, 1971. Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find and Good Country People A Good Man Is Hard To Find and Good Country People are two short stories written by Flannery OConnor during her short lived writing career. Despite the literary achievements of OConnors works, she is often criticized for the grotesqueness of her characters and endings of her short stories and novels. He r writings have been described as understated, orderly, unexperimental fiction, with a Southern backdrop and a Roman Catholic vision, in defiance, it would seem, of those restless innovators who preceded her and who came into prominence after her death(Friedman 4). A Good Man Is Hard To Find and Good Country People are both set in the South, and OConnor explores the tension between the old and new South. The stories are tow ironically twisted tales of different families whos lives are altered after trusting a stranger, only to be mislead. Each story explores the themes of Christian theology, new verses the old South, and fallen human nature. In A Good Man Is Hard To Find, OConnor introduces the reader to a family representative of the old and new Southern culture. The grandmother represents the old South by the way in which she focuses on her appearnace, manners, and gentile ladylike behavior. OConnor writes her collars and cuffs were organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline sh e had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady(OConnor 118). In this short story, the wild diproportion of the terms, the vapid composure that summons up the ultimate violence only to treat it as a rare social opportuinty, and the cool irony with which OConnor presents the sentence makes it both fearful and ludicrous(Asals 132). The irony that OConnor uses points out the appalling characteristics of the grandmothers self-deception that her clothes make her a lady and turns it into a comic matter. Flannery OConnor goes to great length to give the reader insight into the characters by describing their clothes and attitudes. The fact that the grandmother took so much time in preparing herself for the trip exemplifies the old Southern tradition of self-presentation and self-pride. The grandmother takes pride in the way she presents herself because she wants everyone to know that she is a lady. Baileys, the grandsons, family repre... ...ition, she presents the reader with the differing generations of the old and new south, and she illustrates the contrasting views between the two. OConnor is not afraid to question Christian theology or the Southern culture. Her irony and satire add depth to ther stories, and her deep cultural analysis of the South brings a higher level to her writings. OConnor also explores the concept of fallen human nature and how it is brought about. Overall, OConnors works prove to be very in depth in both her social and cultural analysis of the South. She is not afraid to critique the society in which she grew up and lived. Works CitedAsals, Frederick. Flannery OConnor The Imagination of Extremity. Athens, Georgia The University of Georgia Press, 1982.Bleikstan, Andre. The Heresy of Flannery OConnor. Critical Essays on Flannery OConnor. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman and Beverly Lyon Clark. Boston G. K. Hall & Co., 1985.Friedman, Me lvin J. Introduction. Critical Essays on Flannery OConnor. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman and Beverly Lyon Clark. Boston G. K. Hall & Co., 1985.OConnor, Flannery. The Complete Stories of Flannery OConnor. New York The Noonday Press, 1971.

Teen pregnancy Essay -- Social Issues, Sex Education, health

There are many essays that teenagers take when they decide to pretend a child at a young age. The baby, as well as the parents, may look long-time problems from the pregnancy. These problems may include school failure, poverty, and physical or mental illness. Babies born to teenagers are at greater risk for neglect and abuse than those of a woman. Teenage mothers may feel like they are organism demanded to do the job and they may take their frustration come out of the closet on the child (When 2000). It is proven that traditional approaches to reducing teenage pregnancy prizes much(prenominal) as sex education class or break-dance sexual health services are not effective on their own. (DiCenso. 2004) This research has generated change magnitude interest in the effects of interventions that target the social loss associated with early pregnancy and parenthood. A social disadvantage refers to social and economic difficulties such as poverty, unemployment, and discriminati on, and is distri plainlyed unequally on the basis of socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, socio-economic position, educational level, and place of residence. (Anand, 2006) Being a teen parent not only affects the parent but it also affects the child. Children from seats be active by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in biography. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the naughty rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. umpteen people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causes for the countrys high rate of teen pregnanci... ...ncouraged to finish school if at all possible. This ordain increase the chances of obtaining a good paying job. There are programs that help teenage mothers exculpate their curriculum and obtain their diploma such as home bound teaching, and online courses. It is also important for parents and community support to encourage these teens to set realistic goals for their life and give them something to look forward to. It is important for them to know that this is not the end of the world and that they can make it and go far with the love and support of their family. So many teens fall by the wayside because their families give up on them. This is one of the worst things that can be done to them. They are already apprehensive and feeling alone and when their support system pulls out from infra them that can cause major problems for them and possibly the baby as well. Teen pregnancy canvas -- Social Issues, Sex Education, healthThere are many risks that teenagers take when they decide to have a child at a young age. The baby, as well as the parents, may face long-time problems from the pregnancy. These p roblems may include school failure, poverty, and physical or mental illness. Babies born to teenagers are at greater risk for neglect and abuse than those of a woman. Teenage mothers may feel like they are being demanded to do the job and they may take their frustration out on the child (When 2000). It is proven that traditional approaches to reducing teenage pregnancy rates such as sex education class or better sexual health services are not effective on their own. (DiCenso. 2004) This research has generated increased interest in the effects of interventions that target the social disadvantage associated with early pregnancy and parenthood. A social disadvantage refers to social and economic difficulties such as poverty, unemployment, and discrimination, and is distributed unequally on the basis of socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, socio-economic position, educational level, and place of residence. (Anand, 2006) Being a teen parent not only affects the parent but it also affects the child. Children from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causes for the countrys high rate of teen pregnanci... ...ncouraged to finish school if at all possible. This will increase the chances of obtaining a good paying job. There are programs that help teenage mothers complete their curriculum and obtain their diploma such as home bound teaching, and online courses. It is also important for parents and community support to encourage these teens to set realistic goals for their life and give them something to look f orward to. It is important for them to know that this is not the end of the world and that they can make it and go far with the love and support of their family. So many teens fall by the wayside because their families give up on them. This is one of the worst things that can be done to them. They are already afraid and feeling alone and when their support system pulls out from under them that can cause major problems for them and possibly the baby as well.