BF Skinner and Motivation

Motivation is a experimental condition enjoymentd in psychology to mean the cause of air that is persistently directed toward a goal. A simple reflex action, much(prenominal) as jerking mavens hand away from a alive(p) stove, is not give tongue to to be actuated in the psychological sense. Motivation is commonly make up of a combination of motives, which whitethorn also be called drives, incentives, or interests. Drives usually activate an individual to satisfy a physiological need, such as for sustenance, sleep, or relief from pain.Incentives and interests be usually said to ready action that satisfies emotional and cordial needs or desires. Motivation is practically based on acquired social values. Such values may motivate a person to seek a college education or to bring home the bacon the approval of others. Another person, with different social values, king reject higher(prenominal) education for the immediate goal of a job in parliamentary law to buy a car and expensive clothes. Adequate pauperism is unity of the important conditions for efficient learning. In general, the stronger the pauperism, the more effectively the student give learn.Motivation research is the study of consumers reasons for purchase or not buying authoritative items or services, and for preferring to do business with one firm quite than with another. Such research is a special interest to publicizing agencies. gigantic emphasis is placed on discovering the consumers hidden, or unconscious, motives. To discover these motives, researchers use special tests and interviews that must be conducted and interpreted by psychologists. For example, in projective tests individuals ar asked to respond to things such as words, sentences, and pictures.The responses are analyse for the purpose of discovering variant attitudes and opinions, called images. These images might dep finish on factors such as social class, occupation, age, and elicit of the respondents, and can serve as a guide in creating adverts. It might be found, for example, that a product is more likely to sell if its advertisement makes a person feel that his social status will reform if he buys the product. Not all psychologists accept the equivalent supposition of motivation or agree on the best way to conduct motivation research.However, lasts reached by psychologists can serve as a source of images for advertising agencies. Thesis Statement This study summarizes the field of motivation and BF mule drivers a priori views and discourse his impact on the motivation field. II. Background B. F. mule driver was the foremost demeanoral psychologist in the United States. Behavioral psychology, as opulent from the earlier, mentalistic school which concent bring oute on the mind of man, is concerned with predicting and controlling the behavior of organisms, man included. muleteers main work has been based in the principles operant ( discernable) learn, whereby the organi sms behavioral responses in a situation are fortify or discouraged according to a system of rewards and punishments. skinners experiments hire sh consume that, through with(predicate) such conditioning, animal behavior can be controlled and predicted to a far greater than was ever thought possible (Smith & Sarason 18). Burrhus Frederick muleteer was born(p) in March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pa.After graduating from Hamilton College he spent a stratum trying to write fiction and poetry but soon came to the conclusion that his talents law elsewhere (although he did ultimately write a novel, Walden deuce (1948), in which he describes a utopian community based on operant conditioning). He then went to Harvard University where he obtained a Ph. D. in psychology. An important influence there was the biologist W. J. Crozier, introduced him to animal experimentation. After teaching for several(prenominal) years at Minnesota and Indiana universities he joined the Harvard force in 19 48. mule drivers most important is the Behavior of Organisms (1938), in which he presents the fundamental principles of operant conditioning. These might best be understood in the condition of typical experiment of Skinners. A rat is the context at 80 to 90 percent of its normal weight and pound sterling into a device now known as a Skinner box. This device provides a stark environment that restricts what can happen to the rat to those events the experimenter can control or light upon. The box contains an opening, through which food may be presented, and a lever.The rat presses the lever a number of generation to obtain pellets of food. The rats ostracise-press is called an operant. It does not matter how the rat presses the barwith its paw, its tail, or its nosethe operant is the same because the consequences are the same, the eventual proceeds of food (Smith & Sarason 18). By means of scheduling the reinforcementthe reward of foodfor various numbers of bar-presses or at va rious time intervals, outstandingly stable patters of bar-pressing may be observed. Skinner has extended to education his idea that behavior can be controlled best in restricted environments.Teaching machines certain by him and his students immediately label correct or incorrect students answers to questions programmed into the machines. Thus, the students are given prompt reinforcement for the required response. According to Skinner, operant conditioning may be used to control ones own behavior as well as he behavior of others. plainly by arranging conditions so that ones behavior is reinforced can self-control and smoking clinic made use of operant conditioning. Skinners ideas have also been used in behavior therapy. He entrusts that undesirable behavior exists, at least in part, because it is reinforced.For example, a put forward may reinforce a childs tantrums by salaried more attention to the child. Through therapy, undesirable behavior may be changed by removing the rein forcement for it and reinforcing instead some other, preferable response. III. Discussion A. Skinner and Radical Behaviourism By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, Freuds method of introspection had predominate American psychology. It has become the norm and a traditional method. However, a spick-and-span set of theory had unquestionable out from dissatisfaction of the introspection method.They were convinced that the introspective method has insurmountable limitations for telltale(a) the nature of man. They were certain that consciousness could not be accurately studied at all and decided to discard it entirely from their scientific work. any(prenominal) had even denied the existence of consciousness merely because one person cannot observe it in another. Instead, they turned to mans overt conduct, which they studied through objective methods (Smith & Sarason 18). Their study delved into the environmental causes and how these elicit a response from an individual .This cash advance had come to be known as deportmentism, which also formed the bag for experimental research in the field of psychology (The behaviorist advent). A leading contemporary figure of behaviourism is B. F. Skinner of Harvard University. Skinner does not deny that mental events, images, and feelings occur within us (B. F. Skinner. argon Theories of Learning obligatory? ), although he maintains that these are themselves behaviours rather then causes (R. Smith, I. Sarason, and B. Sarason. The behavioural Perspective Humans as Reactors).Theirs was a psychology based on stimulus-response connections, which they believed were established through a process much like the standstill of ideas first suggested by Aristotle and developed by the British philosophers of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. The basic concept of the behaviourists was that behaviour grows more complex through this process of forming refreshing connections between stimuli and resp onses originally unrelated. Thus, in viewing mans behaviour as made up of discrete, independent stimulus-response units, behaviourism was atomistic in its approach.It proposes that much of our behaviour is dependent upon immediate consequences. A person learns certain behaviours as he reacts (responds) to a stimulus in the environment (see argon Theories of Learning Necessary? ). When such responses are positively reinforced, it is prone to be adapted. Through the process of shaping in Skinners operant conditioning (a significant contribution to the school of behaviourism), it could even allow for the eventual emergence of responses not yet in the persons brisk behavioural storehouse.Skinner likens the process of behaviour shaping to the way clay is moulded by the sculptor to assume its final form. A considerable contrast to Freuds psychoanalytic approach then of behaviourism is the latters line of merchandise that the proper subject matter of psychology was observable, or overt, behaviour, not imperceptible inner consciousness. Whereas psychoanalysis believes that behaviour is caused by the unconscious, in contrast, behaviourists see gentleman beings as a product of their learning histories. Behaviourists argue that it is erroneous to believe that human behaviour is caused by inner factors.Skinner says that this diverts the attention from the real causes of behaviour, which lay in the outer world. If human beings are to be changed, indeed saved, Skinner maintains, we must manipulate the environment that determines behaviour through its pattern of rewards and punishments (see The Behaviourist Approach). Skinner believes that large-scale control over human behaviour is possible today but that the chief barrier to social plan is an outmoded conception of people as free agents. Since Freud and Skinners basis for behaviour contrasts significantly, so does its approach to modification.Skinner and his colleagues staunchly recommend that behaviour can be contro lled completely by manipulating their environment, and not through Freuds internal introspection. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, B. F Skinner basic premiss is based on the judgement that all behaviors, normal or aberrant are governed by the same learning principles. Behaviorism originated with John B. Watson roughly 1913 and was carried on later by such well-known psychologists as Clark hull and B. F. Skinner. Watson argued that it is impossible to study in scientific way phenomena that can be known only through subjective reports.If psychology was to be a science, he said, psychologists would have to concentrate on objective analysis of observable behavior, such as movements and speech they would have to stop attempting the study of such as mental phenomena as consciousness and thought, except insofar as these phenomena were reveled in behavior. It was not that Watson had no interest in so-called mental phenomena. In fact, during the early days of behaviorism, he formulated a th eory that explained thinking as sub bluntization as movements of the point-blank chords that were so light as to produce no sound.This theory, if it had been correct, would have allowed behaviorists to study thinking by analyzing the movements of the vocal cords. It was soon pointed out, however, that some thinking occurs so rapidly that the subvocalized sounds would have to be made at frequencies well beyond the physical capacity of the vocal cords, and so the effort to treat thinking as subvocalization has largely been abandoned. honorable mention 1. The Behaviourist Approach. http//www. ryerson. ca/glassman/behavior. html 2. Skinner, B. F.Are Theories of Learning Necessary? http//psychclassics. yorku. ca/Skinner/Theories/ 3. Smith R, Sarason I, and Sarason B. The Behavioural Perspective Humans as Reactors. Psychology, The Frontiers of Behavior. 1986. p. 18 OUTLINE I. Introduction A. What is motivation? Motivation is a term used in psychology to mean the cause of behavior that is persistently directed toward a goal. A simple reflex action, such as jerking ones hand away from a hot stove, is not said to be motivated in the psychological sense.Motivation is usually made up of a combination of motives, which may also be called drives, incentives, or interests. Thesis Statement This study summarizes the field of motivation and BF Skinners theoretical views and discuss his impact on the motivation field. II. Background A. Who Bf Skinner is B. F. Skinner was the foremost behavioral psychologist in the United States. Behavioral psychology, as distinguished from the earlier, mentalistic school which focused on the mind of man, is concerned with predicting and controlling the behavior of organisms, man included.III. Discussion A. Skinner and Radical Behaviourism By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, Freuds method of introspection had dominated American psychology. It has become the norm and a traditional method. However, a new set of theory had developed out from dissatisfaction of the introspection method. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, B. F Skinner basic assumption is based on the belief that all behaviors, normal or deviant are governed by the same learning principles.